Effectiveness of Online Group-based Nonviolent Communication Interventions

NCT ID: NCT05371002

Last Updated: 2023-11-30

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: SUSPENDED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 250 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2022-05-16
• Study Completion Date: 2025-04-30

Brief Summary

This is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) intervention for reducing parenting stress to parents with children in primary schools and mild to moderate depression. A pilot RCT on 50 participants (25 in NVC vs. 25 in control group, 2 small groups for each arm) will be conducted in late June to September 2022 to test the procedure and preliminary results. A RCT (1:1 allocation ratio) on 200 parents who have children of Grade 1-6 and mild to moderate depressive symptoms assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediately after completion of intervention and three months after the intervention. This study will provide evidence on the effectiveness of NVC to reduce parenting stress and enhance parents' mental well-being.

Detailed Description

Objectives: To test the effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) intervention for reducing parenting stress in parents with mild to moderate depression and children in primary schools.

Hypothesis: Our intervention group will show more improvements in parents' NVC skills, parenting stress, depression and anxiety symptoms, and well-being than the control group.

Design and subjects: An RCT (1:1 allocation ratio) on 200 parents who have mild to moderate depressive symptoms assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and children of Grade 1-6.

Instruments: Parental Stress Scale; self-developed NVC scale; PHQ-9; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale.

Interventions: Six 1.5-hour weekly online group sessions (10-14 participants in each group) will be delivered by NVC professionals to the intervention group, including (1) introduction to four key principles of NVC, communication that blocks compassion, and distinguishing observations from evaluations, (2) identifying and expressing feelings, providing a list of words to express feelings and four steps to express anger, (3) taking responsibility for feelings (needs), distinguishing between an outside event and the met or unmet needs behind the feelings, (4) using positive action language to make requests, (5) review and summary, and (6) experience sharing and suggestions for further practice. Group discussion will be used to sustain the participants' engagement. The waitlist control group will receive simple messages through the same media on physical activity and will be provided with the training sessions afterwards. A pilot study on 50 participants (25 in NVC vs. 25 in control group, 2 small groups for each arm) will be conducted in late June to September 2022 to test the procedure and preliminary results. Only T1 and T2 will be conducted to obtain the immediate effect of the intervention.

Outcome measures: Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediately after completion of intervention and three months after the intervention. The primary outcome is parenting stress at 3-month after the intervention. Secondary outcomes include NVC skills, parental depression and anxiety symptoms, and well-being at 3-month after the intervention. Process evaluation will be conducted after the intervention. In-depth interviews will be conducted on 30 parents in the intervention group to explore participants' experiences.

Data analysis: Intention-to-treat approach. A multilevel mixed model will be used to evaluate the between-group mean differences in the outcomes of the two groups, after adjusting for baseline outcomes and demographics. Per-protocol sensitivity analyses will be conducted by only including the adherent participants who complete at least four sessions and all assessments. Mediation analysis will be conducted following AGReMA guideline. Cost analysis will be conducted.

Expected results: The intervention group will show greater improvements in the measured outcomes than the control group, offering strong evidence of effectiveness.

Conditions

Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms

Keywords

depression; parents

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Online group nonviolent communication (NVC) interventions

Rosenberg's "Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life: Life-changing Tools for Healthy Relationships" and "Raising Children Compassionately: Parenting the Nonviolent Communication Way" will be used as reference guides. Six 1.5-hour weekly online group sessions (10-14 participants in each group) will be delivered by NVC professionals to the intervention group, including (1) introduction to four key principles of NVC, communication that blocks compassion, and distinguishing observations from evaluations, (2) identifying and expressing feelings, providing a list of words to express feelings and four steps to express anger, (3) taking responsibility for feelings (needs), distinguishing between an outside event and the met or unmet needs behind the feelings, (4) using positive action language to make requests, (5) review and summary, and (6) experience sharing and suggestions for further practice. Group discussion will be used to sustain the participants' engagement.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Online group nonviolent communication (NVC) interventions

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

The primary purpose of NVC as defined by Dr. Marshall Rosenberg is to resolve interpersonal conflict using empathic communication skills. Nonviolence does not refer to the mere absence of physical harm. It is a way of life that helps us to transform old patterns of defensiveness and aggressiveness into compassion and empathy and to improve the quality of all types of relationships. The basic model of NVC consists of four key principles: the separation of observation from evaluation (observation), exploring and expressing the feelings that emerge from observations (feeling), taking responsibility for one's feelings (need), and telling others the need to enrich lives (request). A book on NVC specifically targets parents to improve communication and connection with their children. The NVC model emphasizes the importance of observation and has similarities with the concept of "mindful parenting", which refers to a non-judgmental and open parenting style.

Waitlist control group

The participants in WL group will not be provided any materials or training content between baseline (T1) and immediate post assessment (T2). Once the participants completed the T2 assessments, they will be delivered one 1.5-hour online session about physical activity (completely different from NVC training content). In the session, the participants will be introduced the concept of Zero-time exercise and provided video demonstrations of exercise. Six 1.5-hour weekly NVC training sessions (the same as those in intervention group) will be delivered to participants as soon as they have completed the final assessment at T3 (three months after T2).

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Waitlist control group

Intervention Type: OTHER

Waitlist control, but included a short active intervention during the 2nd and 3rd assessments.

Interventions

Online group nonviolent communication (NVC) interventions

The primary purpose of NVC as defined by Dr. Marshall Rosenberg is to resolve interpersonal conflict using empathic communication skills. Nonviolence does not refer to the mere absence of physical harm. It is a way of life that helps us to transform old patterns of defensiveness and aggressiveness into compassion and empathy and to improve the quality of all types of relationships. The basic model of NVC consists of four key principles: the separation of observation from evaluation (observation), exploring and expressing the feelings that emerge from observations (feeling), taking responsibility for one's feelings (need), and telling others the need to enrich lives (request). A book on NVC specifically targets parents to improve communication and connection with their children. The NVC model emphasizes the importance of observation and has similarities with the concept of "mindful parenting", which refers to a non-judgmental and open parenting style.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Waitlist control group

Waitlist control, but included a short active intervention during the 2nd and 3rd assessments.

Intervention Type: OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Parents with children in primary schools (Grade 1-6, age 6-12), aged 24-59 years;
• With mild to moderate depressive symptoms (score of 5-14 on the PHQ-9);
• Hong Kong residents who can communicate in Chinese (Cantonese or Mandarin).

Exclusion Criteria

• Have been diagnosed as major depressive disorder in the past 6 months;
• Under psychiatric treatment;
• Currently participating in other parenting or related programs;
• Parents with PHQ score > 14 will be advised to consult a doctor.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 24 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 59 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

The University of Hong Kong

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Yuying Sun

Research Assistant Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Yuying Sun, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong

Locations

School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University

Hong Kong, , China

Countries

China

Other Identifiers

17605422

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id