Trial Outcomes & Findings for Do Terpenes Play a Role in the Stress-reducing Effects of a Forest Bathing Intervention? (NCT NCT05316597)

NCT ID: NCT05316597

Last Updated: 2024-09-19

Results Overview

Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions. Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at T2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for each session)

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 43 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).
• Results posted on: 2024-09-19

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Terpenes On, Then Terpenes Off Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest.	Terpenes Off, Then Terpenes On Participants first received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session of no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest.
First Session STARTED	21	22
First Session COMPLETED	21	21
First Session NOT COMPLETED	0	1
Washout Period STARTED	21	21
Washout Period COMPLETED	18	13
Washout Period NOT COMPLETED	3	8
Second Session STARTED	18	13
Second Session COMPLETED	18	13
Second Session NOT COMPLETED	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Terpenes On, Then Terpenes Off Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest.	Terpenes Off, Then Terpenes On Participants first received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session of no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest.
First Session Withdrawal by Subject	0	1
Washout Period Lost to Follow-up	1	2
Washout Period Physician Decision	1	1
Washout Period Excluded before second session	1	1
Washout Period Withdrawal by Subject	0	4

Baseline Characteristics

Do Terpenes Play a Role in the Stress-reducing Effects of a Forest Bathing Intervention?

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Terpenes On, Then Terpenes Off n=21 Participants Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest.	Terpenes Off, Then Terpenes On n=22 Participants Participants first received a forest bathing session with no filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes on") in a forest environment during an hour-long exposure to the forest. After a washout period of at least eight days, they then received a forest bathing session with filtration of terpenes from inhaled air ("terpenes off") during a forest environment for an hour-long exposure to the forest.	Total n=43 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	33.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.2 • n=5 Participants	37.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.5 • n=7 Participants	35.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.3 • n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Male	7 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=7 Participants	17 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Female	12 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=7 Participants	22 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Prefer to self-describe/non-binary	2 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	4 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	2 Participants n=5 Participants	3 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	19 Participants n=5 Participants	19 Participants n=7 Participants	38 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	2 Participants n=5 Participants	3 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	1 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	16 Participants n=5 Participants	15 Participants n=7 Participants	31 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	21 participants n=5 Participants	22 participants n=7 Participants	43 participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions.

Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at T2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for each session)

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=27 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=32 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Changes in the HF (ms^2) Component of HRV	6.65 ms^2 Standard Deviation 1.33	6.48 ms^2 Standard Deviation 1.14

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure)

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assess whether VOC inhalation regulates psychophysiological outcomes of the terpenes-on vs. terpenes-off sessions.

Ln High Frequency Heart Rate Variability at baseline.

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=28 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=33 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Baseline HF (ms^2) Component of HRV	6.48 ms^2 Standard Deviation 1.40	6.34 ms^2 Standard Deviation 1.55

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure)

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=30 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg)	75.4 mmHg Standard Deviation 9.86	73.2 mmHg Standard Deviation 11.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure)

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=30 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Beats Per Minute (BPM)	61.4 BPM Standard Deviation 11.9	63.0 BPM Standard Deviation 13.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at time point 2 (20 minutes into exposure)

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=31 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Skin Conductance (μS)	3.28 microsiemens (µS) Standard Deviation 3.76	4.14 microsiemens (µS) Standard Deviation 5.94

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Positive Affect	12.1 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.00	11.3 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.38

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Stress	1.09 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.390	1.17 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.447

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 2 (20 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at time point 2 (20 minutes of exposure) Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Negative Affect	5.13 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.421	5.31 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.749

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure).

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=21 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=27 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of CRP	9.99 mg/L Standard Deviation 7.83	13.4 mg/L Standard Deviation 12.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure).

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=21 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=27 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL)	98.6 ng/mL Standard Deviation 43.6	109.0 ng/mL Standard Deviation 60.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at T4 (60 minutes of exposure)

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=30 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg)	123 mmHg Standard Deviation 16.9	121 mmHg Standard Deviation 14.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure).

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=21 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=27 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Level of TNF-alpha	3.80 pg/mL Standard Deviation 2.71	4.27 pg/mL Standard Deviation 2.84

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At time point 4 (60 minutes into duration of exposure for Session 1 and Session 2 (which occurred at least 8 days after Session 1)).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at time point 4 (60 minutes of exposure).

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=21 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=27 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of Il-6	0.547 pg/mL Standard Deviation 0.609	0.763 pg/mL Standard Deviation 0.820

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Diastolic blood pressure at baseline.

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Baseline Blood Pressure (Diastolic in mmHg)	67.8 mmHg Standard Deviation 10.8	66.1 mmHg Standard Deviation 11.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment BPM at baseline.

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Beats Per Minute (BPM)	66.3 BPM Standard Deviation 13.0	66.6 BPM Standard Deviation 13.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Skin conductance levels at baseline.

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=31 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Skin Conductance (μS)	3.58 microsiemens (µS) Standard Deviation 3.94	3.84 microsiemens (µS) Standard Deviation 5.14

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Positive affect at baseline Higher scale scores are indicative of better outcome Range 5-50

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=31 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Positive Affect	12.0 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.74	12.2 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.59

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using a single-item self report non-validated scale Self-reported stress at baseline Higher scale score indicative of worse outcome Range 1-5

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=27 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=30 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Stress	1.44 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.698	1.57 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.817

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using the shortened Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Negative affect at baseline Higher score on scale indicative of worse outcome Range 5-50

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=31 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=36 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Self-reported Negative Affect	5.81 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.11	5.92 Score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.46

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods. CRP levels at baseline

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=23 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=28 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of CRP	9.93 mg/L Standard Deviation 6.43	13.6 mg/L Standard Deviation 13.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods Cortisol levels at baseline

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=23 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=28 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of Cortisol in Serum (ng/mL)	117 ng/mL Standard Deviation 57.8	124 ng/mL Standard Deviation 55.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using mobile physiology equipment Systolic blood pressure at baseline

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=32 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=37 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Blood Pressure (Systolic in mmHg)	119 mmHg Standard Deviation 12.4	117 mmHg Standard Deviation 13.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods TNF-alpha levels at baseline

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=23 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=28 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Level of TNF-alpha	4.03 pg/mL Standard Deviation 2.75	3.72 pg/mL Standard Deviation 2.64

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At baseline (pre-exposure).

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assessed using blood serum collected via standard clinical methods IL-6 levels at baseline

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=23 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off n=28 Participants Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Levels of Il-6	0.585 pg/mL Standard Deviation 0.569	0.591 pg/mL Standard Deviation 0.776

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: Time point 4 (60 min) for absorbed dose associations with same time point for DBP, SBP, Cortisol, Il-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP; and associations with Time point 2 (20 minutes) for HRV, SCL, positive affect, negative affect, self-reported stress, heart rate.

Population: Participants who participated in at least one session were included in analyses though some participant data were missing due to temporary equipment failure (e.g., mobile physiology) or sample collection obstacles (e.g., serum).

Assess the association of absorbed dose (µg/mL) of forest-derived VOCs in serum with primary and secondary outcomes.

Outcome measures

Measure	Terpenes On n=38 Participants Participants when exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.	Terpenes Off Participants when not exposed to terpenes during their forest exposure session.
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) Ln-HR HRV	1.06 correlation coefficient Interval -0.38 to 2.5	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) SCL	-7.31 correlation coefficient Interval -14.6 to -0.03	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) DBP	11.89 correlation coefficient Interval -4.65 to 28.42	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) SBP	17.55 correlation coefficient Interval -7.77 to 42.88	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) HR	7.16 correlation coefficient Interval -5.8 to 20.11	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) PA	3.75 correlation coefficient Interval -3.6 to 11.09	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) NA	0.15 correlation coefficient Interval -1.11 to 1.4	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) Self-reported stress	-0.38 correlation coefficient Interval -1.66 to 0.89	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) Cortisol	-45.45 correlation coefficient Interval -150.06 to 59.17	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) Il-6	-0.60 correlation coefficient Interval -1.63 to 0.43	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) TNF-alpha	-5.73 correlation coefficient Interval -10.95 to -0.51	—
Degree of Association of Sum Composite of Absorbed Dose of VOCs in Serum (μg/mL) CRP	-0.70 correlation coefficient Interval -1.64 to 0.25	—

Adverse Events

Terpenes On

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Terpenes Off

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Gregory Bratman

University of Washington

Phone: 2065437591

Email: bratman@uw.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place