Trial Outcomes & Findings for Behavioral Economic Treatment to Enhance Rural (BETTER) Living (NCT NCT05235971)
NCT ID: NCT05235971
Last Updated: 2025-03-26
Results Overview
Percent of participants who complete intervention phone call
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
75 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Day 1 of Intervention
Results posted on
2025-03-26
Participant Flow
Participants were recruited from a large tertiary healthcare system from May 2022 through April 2023.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
17
|
21
|
19
|
18
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
17
|
21
|
19
|
18
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Behavioral Economic Treatment to Enhance Rural (BETTER) Living
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
n=17 Participants
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
n=21 Participants
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
n=19 Participants
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
n=18 Participants
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Total
n=75 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
54 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
54.0 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.8 • n=5 Participants
|
54.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.4 • n=7 Participants
|
58.0 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.8 • n=5 Participants
|
53.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.5 • n=4 Participants
|
55.2 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.9 • n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
47 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · American Indian/Alaskan Native
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · Asian
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · Black/African American
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · White
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
74 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity · Don't know/Refuse
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
75 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Alcohol Use Severity (AUDIT)
|
7.2 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 • n=5 Participants
|
7.5 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=7 Participants
|
8.4 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0 • n=5 Participants
|
8.6 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=4 Participants
|
7.9 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=21 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1 of InterventionPercent of participants who complete intervention phone call
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
n=17 Participants
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
n=21 Participants
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
n=19 Participants
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
n=18 Participants
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Feasibility of the Intervention - Screening
|
17 Participants
|
21 Participants
|
19 Participants
|
18 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1 of InterventionPercent of participants who elect to receive text messages
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
n=17 Participants
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
n=21 Participants
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
n=19 Participants
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
n=18 Participants
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Feasibility of the Intervention - Enrollment
|
17 Participants
|
21 Participants
|
19 Participants
|
18 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 2 Weeks Post-InterventionPopulation: This measure is reported among all intervention groups and the control group to determine their level of enjoyment with participating in the intervention.
Number of participants with positive acceptability ratings who indicated enjoying the intervention at least a little bit. In a phone survey, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment of the intervention on a scale of 1-5, where 1 was "not at all" and 5 was "extremely". Scores of 2 ("a little bit") or more were considered to be positive indicators of acceptability.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
n=17 Participants
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
n=21 Participants
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
n=19 Participants
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
n=18 Participants
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intervention Acceptability: Number of Participants Who Rated the Intervention as Acceptable
|
17 Participants
|
19 Participants
|
19 Participants
|
17 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: The 2 weeks (14-days) of the intervention periodAverage number of standard drinks consumed during the 2-week intervention period per person. A "standard drink" was considered to be 12 oz beer, 1.5 ounce shot of liquor, or 5 oz glass of wine.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
n=17 Participants
Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
|
Volitional Choice (VC)
n=21 Participants
VC creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day that include assessment and intervention messages.
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
n=19 Participants
Participants will receive both EFT and VC interventions with text messages.
Episodic Future thinking: During a visit with the study team, participants will identify personally-relevant reminders, or cues, that they will receive up to 3 messages a day via text-message over a two-week period.
The messages will describe positive, non-alcohol related events at future time points to facilitate extension of temporal consideration toward future-focused perspectives.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected
Volitional choice: Volitional choice creates structured if-then plans to dismantle context-linked alcohol use The messages sent over a two-week period facilitate alternative, healthier choices by identifying and linking risky cues with alternative actions. Participants will receive up to 3 messages a day for 14 days that include assessment and intervention messages.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
Monitoring Only
n=18 Participants
This is a control group in which participants will receive general psychoeducation.
Monitoring only: Participants will receive general psychoeducation about alcohol use, mental health, resources, and a description of the assessments to be completed over a two-week field testing period.
In addition, participants will have phone meetings (video or not) where health behaviors as well as survey information is noted and collected.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Alcohol Consumption
|
22.1 standard drinks per person
Standard Deviation 25.5
|
17.9 standard drinks per person
Standard Deviation 14.9
|
28.1 standard drinks per person
Standard Deviation 50.4
|
23.9 standard drinks per person
Standard Deviation 22.8
|
Adverse Events
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Volitional Choice (VC)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Episodic Future Thinking Plus Volitional Choice
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Monitoring Only
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place