Trial Outcomes & Findings for Technology and Family Thriving Study (NCT NCT05150990)
NCT ID: NCT05150990
Last Updated: 2025-07-15
Results Overview
QOL-AD (R.G. Logsdon, 1996) is a 13-item self-report measure of quality of life (completed by older adult participants). (As a secondary outcome, adult children also reported on their parents' quality of life). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Poor, 2 = Fair, 3 = Good, 4 = Excellent. The total score is the mean of all items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life.
COMPLETED
NA
186 participants
T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)
2025-07-15
Participant Flow
Older adults with cognitive impairment and an adult child were recruited at 23 senior living communities in two geographic regions in the U.S. (Boston, MA, and Santa Barbara, CA) between October 2021 and December 2023, with the trial's primary completion in March 2024. Approximately half the older adults had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and half had mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD). A total of 186 dyads (372 participants) were enrolled.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Video Chat
Weekly activities using video conference (Zoom)
Video Chat (Active Control): Older adults engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
Virtual Reality
Weekly activities using virtual reality (Rendever)
Virtual Reality: Older adults engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
96
|
90
|
|
Overall Study
Baseline Assessment
|
96
|
90
|
|
Overall Study
Started Intervention
|
92
|
84
|
|
Overall Study
Completed Intervention
|
87
|
79
|
|
Overall Study
Completed Post-Intervention Assessment
|
87
|
79
|
|
Overall Study
1-Month Follow-up Assessment
|
86
|
79
|
|
Overall Study
3-Month Follow-Assessment
|
84
|
78
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
84
|
78
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
12
|
12
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Video Chat
Weekly activities using video conference (Zoom)
Video Chat (Active Control): Older adults engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
Virtual Reality
Weekly activities using virtual reality (Rendever)
Virtual Reality: Older adults engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
Decline in health of older adult (unrelated to the intervention)
|
5
|
2
|
|
Overall Study
Dissatisfaction with surveys (length, time commitment, too personal) or other study procedures
|
6
|
2
|
|
Overall Study
Adverse response to the intervention - social strain
|
0
|
2
|
|
Overall Study
Adverse response to the intervention - discomfort using technology
|
0
|
1
|
|
Overall Study
External circumstances (family emergency, loss of Wifi)
|
0
|
2
|
|
Overall Study
Participant no longer eligible due to history of seizures not previously reported
|
0
|
1
|
|
Overall Study
Death (unrelated to the intervention)
|
1
|
2
|
Baseline Characteristics
186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Video Chat
n=192 Participants
Weekly activities using video conference (Zoom)
Video Chat: Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
Virtual Reality
n=180 Participants
Weekly activities using virtual reality (Rendever)
Virtual Reality: Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
Total
n=372 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Black or African American
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · White
|
90 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
87 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
177 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Age, Continuous
Older Adults
|
85.86 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.98 • n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
85.68 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 • n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
85.77 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.50 • n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Age, Continuous
Adult Children
|
56.72 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.63 • n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
56.03 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.47 • n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
56.38 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.03 • n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Older Adults · Female
|
67 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
61 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
128 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Older Adults · Male
|
29 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
29 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
58 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Adult Children · Female
|
61 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
50 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
111 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Adult Children · Male
|
35 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
40 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
75 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Hispanic or Latino
|
2 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
5 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
7 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Not Hispanic or Latino
|
93 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
85 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
178 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Hispanic or Latino
|
2 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
5 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
7 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Not Hispanic or Latino
|
94 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
84 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
178 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Asian
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Black or African American
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · White
|
94 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
87 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
181 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
2 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
2 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Older Adults · Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Asian
|
2 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
3 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
0 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · More than one race
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
2 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Adult Children · Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=96 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
1 Participants
n=90 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
2 Participants
n=186 Participants • 186 dyads completed demographic information in the "intake" survey (186 older adults and 186 adult children).
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
189 participants
n=192 Participants
|
175 participants
n=180 Participants
|
364 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Australia
|
0 participants
n=192 Participants
|
1 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Canada
|
1 participants
n=192 Participants
|
0 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Colombia
|
0 participants
n=192 Participants
|
1 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Denmark
|
0 participants
n=192 Participants
|
1 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Germany
|
1 participants
n=192 Participants
|
1 participants
n=180 Participants
|
2 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Saudi Arabia
|
1 participants
n=192 Participants
|
0 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Switzerland
|
0 participants
n=192 Participants
|
1 participants
n=180 Participants
|
1 participants
n=372 Participants
|
|
Cognitive Group (MCI/ADRD) - Older adults
MCI
|
44 Participants
n=96 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
41 Participants
n=90 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
85 Participants
n=186 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
|
Cognitive Group (MCI/ADRD) - Older adults
ADRD
|
52 Participants
n=96 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
49 Participants
n=90 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
101 Participants
n=186 Participants • Cognitive group (MCI/ADRD) was assessed only for the older adult member of each dyad.
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
QOL-AD (R.G. Logsdon, 1996) is a 13-item self-report measure of quality of life (completed by older adult participants). (As a secondary outcome, adult children also reported on their parents' quality of life). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Poor, 2 = Fair, 3 = Good, 4 = Excellent. The total score is the mean of all items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater quality of life.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 (Baseline)
|
3.04 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.41
|
3.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.48
|
2.85 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.49
|
2.94 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
|
Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
3.08 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.36
|
2.98 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.51
|
2.91 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
3.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.38
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., \& Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Older Adult
|
3.97 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
3.90 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.58
|
3.63 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
|
3.69 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
|
|
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Older Adult
|
4.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.53
|
3.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
3.62 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
3.91 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.52
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, \& Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Positive Emotions
|
3.72 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
3.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
3.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
3.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Positive Emotions
|
3.76 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.58
|
3.65 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
3.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
3.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.60
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Negative Emotions
|
1.74 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.51
|
1.90 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
1.96 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
1.65 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.58
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Negative Emotions
|
1.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.42
|
1.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.61
|
1.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
1.54 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment or remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
GDS (Sheikh, J.I., \& Yesavage, J.A., 1986) is a 15-item self-report measure of depression (completed by older adult participants). Items are rated "Yes" or "No" and are scored "1" if the response reflects depressive symptoms. Total score is the sum of all items (range: 0 to 15). Higher scores indicate greater depression.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 (Baseline)
|
1.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.16
|
2.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.74
|
3.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.98
|
2.82 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.79
|
|
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
1.81 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.16
|
3.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.39
|
3.35 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.99
|
2.34 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.79
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, \& Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1= None of the time, 2= A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 (Baseline)
|
5.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.52
|
4.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
4.81 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.81
|
5.06 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .66
|
|
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
5.19 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.61
|
5.08 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
4.94 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
5.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
The short form of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, \& Cacioppo, 2008) is a 4-item scale widely used in field research with older adults, and adapted from the original scale (Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE, 1980). Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Often. The total score is the mean of the 4 items (range: 1 to 4). Higher scores indicate greater loneliness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 (Baseline)
|
1.98 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
1.86 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.81
|
1.96 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .073
|
1.81 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
|
Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Short Form) - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
1.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
1.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.79
|
1.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
1.86 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, \& Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Older Adult
|
5.94 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.11
|
6.29 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
|
6.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
5.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.25
|
|
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Older Adult
|
6.28 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
6.39 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.60
|
6.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
6.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. Total scores are the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Older Adult
|
4.92 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
5.17 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
4.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
4.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
|
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Older Adult
|
5.11 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.95
|
4.24 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
5.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.95
|
5.19 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.18
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=39 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=46 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T2 - Older Adult
|
3.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
3.98 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
3.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.71
|
4.14 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
|
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Older Adult)
T1 - Older Adult
|
3.91 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
3.94 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.78
|
3.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
3.93 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
An 11-item measure of thriving adapted from the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) and the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT; Su, R., Tay, L., \& Diener, E., 2014). This measure provides a holistic view of positive functioning (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree. The total score is the average of the 11 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of thriving.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=50 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 - Adult Child
|
4.04 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.54
|
4.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.42
|
4.15 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.51
|
4.02 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.55
|
|
Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 - Adult Child
|
4.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.50
|
4.31 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.33
|
4.11 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.54
|
4.09 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
The CESD-R-10 (Björgvinsson, Kertz, Bigda-Peyton, McCoy, Aderka,2013) is a 10-item measure of depressive symptoms adapted from the longer CESD (completed by adult children). Participants are asked to report how they felt during the past week. Items are rated on a 4-point scale: 0 = Rarely or none of the time, 1 = Some or a little of the time, 2 = Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time, 3 = Most or all of the time. The total score is the mean of the 10 items, some reverse-scored (range: 0 to 3). Higher scores reflect more depressive symptoms, worse mental health.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
0.48 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
0.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.27
|
0.49 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.45
|
0.47 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.46
|
|
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised Short Form (CESD-R-10) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
0.57 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.42
|
0.42 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.29
|
.48 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.48
|
0.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
This scale includes 12 items from the longer PANAS (Watson, Clark, \& Tellegen, 1988), which measures two primary dimensions of mood. (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Participants rate the extent to which they experienced positive and negative emotions over the past week. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a lot, 5 = Extremely. Separate subscale scores are calculated for positive emotion (6 items) and negative emotion (6 items) by averaging responses within each set (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores on the positive emotion subscale reflect greater positive mood during the past week, indicating better well-being. Higher scores on the negative emotion subscale reflect greater negative mood, indicating poorer well-being.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=50 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=48 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 - Positive Emotions
|
3.51 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
|
3.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.45
|
3.59 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
3.67 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.55
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 - Positive Emotions
|
3.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
3.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.53
|
3.56 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
3.58 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.53
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 - Negative Emotions
|
1.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.45
|
1.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.36
|
1.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
|
1.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.46
|
|
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 - Negative Emotions
|
1.64 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
|
1.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.35
|
1.77 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.61
|
1.59 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.43
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
The MHI includes 5 items from the longer MHI (McHorney, Ware, \& Raczek, 1993) to assess depression, anxiety, and vitality during the past week (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = None of the time, 2 = A little of the time, 3 = Some of the time, 4 = A good bit of the time, 5 = Most of the time, 6 = All of the time. The total score is the average of all 8 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate better mental health.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=50 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
4.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
5.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.54
|
4.98 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
4.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
|
Mental Health Inventory (MHI) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
4.96 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
5.02 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
5.03 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.71
|
5.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.58
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
The PSS short form (completed by adult children) is a 4-item scale adapted from the longer PSS (Cohen, Kamarck, \& Mermelstein, 1983). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Never, 2 = Almost never, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Fairly often, 5 = Very often. The total score is the average of the 4 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater perceived stress.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=50 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 - Baseline
|
2.13 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
|
1.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.54
|
2.17 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
2.02 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
|
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 - Post-Intervention
|
1.97 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .60
|
1.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.71
|
1.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
1.83 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
This scale (completed by adult children) includes 13 items adapted from the caregiver guilt and grief scales (Wells, Jorm, Jordan, \& Lefroy, 1990). Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1= Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = A moderate amount, 4 = A lot, 5 = Almost unbearably. The total score is the average of the 13 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate greater caregiver guilt/grief.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
1.77 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.45
|
2.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.66
|
2.15 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
1.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
|
Caregiver Guilt/Grief Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
1.74 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.48
|
1.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
2.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
2.06 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Relational burnout/load is assessed with 6 items from the Relational Load Scale (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 6 items, some reverse-scored (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of relational load/burnout.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
1.80 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
1.82 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.57
|
1.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.70
|
1.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
|
Relational Burnout/Load Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
1.76 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.58
|
1.87 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
1.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.66
|
1.90 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Relationship closeness is assessed with 4 items from the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (Dibble, Levine, \& Park, 2011). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 7-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Somewhat disagree, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Somewhat agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strong Agree. The total score is the average of the 4 items (range: 1 to 7). Higher scores indicate greater relationship closeness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
5.36 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.53
|
5.80 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
5.58 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.13
|
5.67 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.08
|
|
Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
5.84 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.31
|
5.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.07
|
5.65 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.15
|
5.44 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.25
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Global relationship satisfaction is assessed with 3 items adapted from Huston et al.'s (1986) relationship satisfaction scale (completed by older adults and adult children). Items are rated on a 6-point scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very, 5 = Almost completely, 6 = Completely. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 6). Higher scores indicate greater relationship satisfaction.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
4.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
4.35 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
4.08 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.16
|
4.17 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
|
Relationship Satisfaction - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
4.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
4.41 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.26
|
4.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
4.32 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: T1 (baseline, 1-week pre-intervention), T2 (1-week post-intervention), T3 (1-month post-intervention), T4 (3-months post-intervention)Population: Some participants withdrew from the study after the T1 (baseline) assessment. Several others remained in the study but failed to complete the T2 (post-intervention) assessment. Primary aims focus on changes from T1 (Baseline) to T2 (1-week Post-Intervention). T3 and T4 are exploratory and not presented here.
Communal coping is assessed with 3 items reflecting feelings of unity when combatting stress (Afifi et al., 2019). (Completed by older adults and adult children.) Items are rated on a 5-point scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree. The total score is the average of the 3 items (range: 1 to 5). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of communal coping.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
MCI Group/Video Chat
n=43 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
MCI Group/Virtual Reality
n=40 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
|
ADRD Group/Video Chat
n=49 Participants
Tech Condition = Video Chat (Zoom) Cognitive group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
ADRD Group/Virtual Reality
n=47 Participants
Tech Condition = Virtual Reality (Rendever) Cognitive Group = Older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T1 (Baseline)
|
3.31 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
3.39 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
3.24 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
3.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.09
|
|
Communal Coping - Changes From Baseline (Adult Child)
T2 (Post-Intervention)
|
3.56 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.93
|
3.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
3.34 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.79
|
3.32 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)Positive and negative emotions experienced during the technology session (older adult and adult child). Rated on a scale from 1 to 5, and separate indexes are computed for positive emotion and negative emotion. Higher scores represent greater positive and negative emotion. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) for overall measures of positive/negative affect experienced during the intervention. Higher positive emotion and lower negative emotion indicate a more favorable response during the technology session.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)Social and conversational engagement during the technology sessions will be evaluated using items developed specifically for this study, based on findings from a pilot study. Higher scores indicate greater engagement. Engagement scores will be averaged over the four-week intervention period to generate an overall engagement measure. In addition to self-reports, objective coders will analyze video and audio recordings of the sessions to assess conversational and emotional engagement. Kinesic (physical) engagement of the older adult will be evaluated both by trained raters and an automated computer program.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Immediately after each of the 4 technology sessions during the intervention (one week apart)Multiple items designed to assess features of relationship quality (older adult and adult child). Higher scores represent greater satisfaction and communication quality. Scores will be averaged across the intervention period (4 weeks) for an overall score of relationship satisfaction and communication quality during the technology sessions, during the intervention period.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measured after the first technology session (Week 1 of the intervention)Rating of engagement and immersion during the technology session (older adult and adult child). Items were written for this project based on a pilot study. Higher scores represent greater telepresence and co-presence. Due to time limitations, this measure is completed only during the first technology session.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
Adverse Events
Video Chat
Virtual Reality
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
| Measure |
Video Chat
n=96 participants at risk
Weekly activities using video conference (Zoom)
Video Chat (Active Control): Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute video chat sessions (via the Zoom platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
Virtual Reality
n=90 participants at risk
Weekly activities using virtual reality (Rendever)
Virtual Reality: Older adults (residents of senior living communities) engage in four 20-minute virtual reality activities (via the Rendever platform) with their adult child each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The 4 sessions include immersive virtual adventures (e.g., bucket list travel) and reminiscence activities (e.g., virtual life story). Adult children participate remotely from their own homes.
|
|---|---|---|
|
General disorders
Hospitalization
|
3.1%
3/96 • Number of events 3 • 4 months (participant enrollment through 3-month follow-up)
All-Cause Mortality, Serious Adverse Events, and Other Adverse Events were reported for older adult participants. All-cause Mortality, Serious Adverse Events, and Other Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed in adult child participants.
|
2.2%
2/90 • Number of events 2 • 4 months (participant enrollment through 3-month follow-up)
All-Cause Mortality, Serious Adverse Events, and Other Adverse Events were reported for older adult participants. All-cause Mortality, Serious Adverse Events, and Other Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed in adult child participants.
|
Additional Information
Dr. Nancy Collins
University of California Santa Barbara
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place