Associations Between Obesity, Dental Caries, Erosive Tooth Wear and Periodontal Disease in Adolescents: A Case Control-study
NCT ID: NCT05146557
Last Updated: 2021-12-06
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
125 participants
OBSERVATIONAL
2015-07-01
2015-10-25
Brief Summary
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Materials and Methods In this case-control study, a convenient sample of 81 obese adolescents (age range 11-18) from a rehabilitation centre, and 81 age-sex-matched normal weight adolescents were selected. Groups were defined using the Body Mass Index and growth curves for Flemish. Oral health was measured using DMFT, gingival, plaque and BEWE index. A validated questionnaire was utilized to assess diet and oral hygiene habits.
Detailed Description
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Height and weight were measured to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants. Obese and normal weight groups were defined using the BMI according to the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) and the growth curves for Flemish boys and girls (2-20years). Only the participants with obesity were included in the case group (having a BMI above the 97th percentile + 2.17 to+2.18 SDS), whereas only the participants with normal weight were included in the control group (BMI between the 10th and 90th percentile -1.64 to +1.64 SDS).
Clinical examination Anthropometrical and dental examinations were performed in the educational institutions. Before scoring, dental surfaces were dried using sterile gauze. Standard illumination (LED head lamps), sterile number five mouth mirrors and CPI periodontal probes (WHO 1997) were used. Caries experience was screened using DMFT index (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) with a subdivision for D1 (early caries, 'white spots'), D2 (enamel caries) or D3 (dentine caries). The periodontal status was evaluated by measuring the Gingivitis index (Silness and Loë, 1963), Plaque index (Silness and Loë, 1964) and the presence of periodontal pockets (≥4mm) in all Ramfjord teeth (1.6, 2.1, 2.4, 3.6, 4.1 and 4.4). Data were obtained from the neighbouring tooth in cases where one of these teeth were not present. Deciduous teeth and teeth with developmental disturbances were excluded. Regarding ETW, prevalence and severity was recorded using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE index). According to this index, every permanent tooth surface is evaluated and is classified into a 4 score criteria, "0" being an indication for the absence of ETW, "1" being initial loss of surface texture, "2"\* being distinct defect, hard tissue loss affecting less than 50% of tooth surface and "3"\* being an indication for hard tissue loss and presence of ETW in more than the 50% of the surface (\*usually involving dentin). The final BEWE sum score was the result of the sum of the highest score recorded per sextant .
Reproducibility Two paediatric dentists (FM and SD) were educated, instructed and calibrated for DMFT index. The examiners scored twice several clinical cases in two sessions separated by a two-week period. Then, the examiners scores were compared against an experienced benchmark (LM).
Questionnaire A validated questionnaire was applied in order to assess oral hygiene and dietary habits. Prior to initiation of the study, a content validation of the questionnaire was performed by five professors with experience in epidemiology. For the reliability of the questionnaire, a group of 20 students (15-year-old) were asked to complete the questionnaire twice separated by a two-week period. Once validated, the questionnaire was applied to each participant of the study on the same day of dental examination. Participants were asked to answer the questionnaire according to their habits just before they enter the rehabilitation centre.
Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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CASE_CONTROL
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Study Groups
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Group Obese adolescents
BMI above the 97th percentile + 2.17 to+2.18 SDS
Dental examination
In this cross sectional observational study only Dental examination and a self response survey was applied.
Group Normal weight adolescents
BMI between the 10th and 90th percentile -1.64 to +1.64 SDS
Dental examination
In this cross sectional observational study only Dental examination and a self response survey was applied.
Interventions
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Dental examination
In this cross sectional observational study only Dental examination and a self response survey was applied.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* normal weight in the control group (BMI between the 10th and 90th percentile -1.64 to +1.64 SDS). Obese and normal weight groups were defined using the BMI according to the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) and the growth curves for Flemish boys and girls (2-20years).
Exclusion Criteria
* chronic disease
* receive treatment with antibiotics three months prior to the study
* consume medications with side effects on the gums
* wearing orthodontic appliances
* other ethnicity (not Belgian) were excluded as ethnicity is an influential factor in the relation between caries and obesity.
11 Years
18 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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University Ghent
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Other Identifiers
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670201423056
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id