Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Paravertebral Block for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
NCT ID: NCT05099250
Last Updated: 2021-11-08
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
50 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-07-15
Study Completion Date
2021-02-15
Brief Summary
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed minimally invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has clear benefits when compared with open surgery, but post-operative pain is still a common complaint after it The patient undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy suffers from severe post-operative pain, it can prolong hospital stay and lead to increased morbidity Post-operative laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain can be relieved by some methods pre-emptive analgesic regimens containing ketamine, regional anesthesia techniques including paravertebral block Paravertebral Block is a regional anesthetic and analgesic technique which may offer comparable analgesic effectiveness with minimal side effects Paravertebral Block has been used a lot in the last two decades, several studies show its efficacy in, thoracoscopic surgery and laparoscopic cholecystectomy .Paravertebral block is the technique of injecting local anesthetic adjacent to the thoracic vertebra close to where the spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina, resulting in ipsilateral somatic and sympathetic nerve blockade in multiple dermatomes above and below the site of injection .
Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that is capable of producing prolonged high quality analgesia in the postoperative period It is shown that paravertebral block using bupivacaine significantly reduces pain score Many drugs have been used as adjuvants to local anesthetic in peripheral nerve block in order to augment its analgesic effect and prolong the duration of the block such as opioids and magnesium sulfate Many studies have reported safety and efficacy of adding magnesium to local anesthetics in various regional anesthetic procedures, such as intrathecal, epidural, caudal, brachial plexus blocks and intravenous regional anesthesia. Magnesium play a major role in central nociceptive transmission, modulation and sensitization of acute and chronic pain states due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors .
Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that is capable of producing prolonged high quality analgesia in the postoperative period It is shown that paravertebral block using bupivacaine significantly reduces pain score Many drugs have been used as adjuvants to local anesthetic in peripheral nerve block in order to augment its analgesic effect and prolong the duration of the block such as opioids and magnesium sulfate Many studies have reported safety and efficacy of adding magnesium to local anesthetics in various regional anesthetic procedures, such as intrathecal, epidural, caudal, brachial plexus blocks and intravenous regional anesthesia. Magnesium play a major role in central nociceptive transmission, modulation and sensitization of acute and chronic pain states due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors .
Detailed Description
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Patients and Methods
Patients:
This is a blind prospective randomized controlled study that will be conducted for one year in Mansoura university hospitals after approval from the Institutional Research Board (IRB), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, patients will be interviewed and written informed consents will be obtained. This study will include 26 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status grade I and grade II, of both sexes, aged between 20-60 years who will be scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Sample size calculation A Priori G-power analysis was done to estimate study sample size. A power of 90% was estimated with type I error of 0.05 to get an analgesic duration difference between groups of approximately 30% to yield of total sample size of 50 cases (25cases per group).
Randomization:
Fifty patients (number = 50) had laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bilateral paravertebral block during the study period. These patients were randomly allocated to undergo bilateral ultrasound guided paravertebral block. The groups allocated are concealed in sealed opaque envelopes which were not opened until patient consent was obtained.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) Number=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL mili saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg milgram magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
Methodology:
Anesthetic Management:
Preoperative Management:
All patients will be visited a day prior to surgery and will be assessed preoperatively by History, physical examination and laboratory evaluation (complete blood picture, coagulation profile, liver function and renal function tests). The study protocol and paravertebral block procedure will be explained to all patients. All patients will be familiar with the use of 0-10 visual analogue scale score identifying 0 as no pain and 10 as worst imaginable pain. Patient fast 6-8 hour before the time of surgery.
On arrival of the patient to the operating room routine monitoring will be applied, peripheral intravenous cannula 20 gauge will be inserted and 0.9% saline will be started to be infused. All patients will be premedicated using midazolam 0.03 mg/kg kilo intravenous.
Paravertebral block will be performed before induction of general anesthesia.
Technique of ultrasound guided paravertebral nerve block:
* Standard precautions for the performance of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks will be followed which include continuous routine monitoring, the skin overlying the injection site should be free of signs of infection and prepped with an antiseptic solution.
* Patient will lay in the lateral position, paravertebral block will be done using a 38 mm mile meter broadband linear array ultrasound probe.The probe surface in contact with the skin should be covered with a sterile adhesive dressing.
* A sagittal paramedian view of the paravertebral space will be obtained by applying the probe at a point 2.5 cm centimeter lateral to the tip of the spinous process in a vertical orientation, The fifth thoracic vertebral level will be identified by palpating and counting down from the seventh cervical body.
* The midpoint of the transducer will be aligned midway between the transverse processes of thoracic vertebra T5 and T6, 4 ml of 1 % lidocaine was injected subcutaneously at the puncture site,and 22 gauge spinal needle will be inserted in an in plane approach in a cephalad orientation and will be advanced perpendicularly to all skin planes under direct vision to puncture the superior costotransverse ligament where a click may be appreciated.
* Following negative aspiration, 1-2 ml of study solution will be injected to verify correct position of the needle tip and the rest of study solution will be injected in fractioned doses following intermittent aspiration between the superior costotransverse ligament and the parietal pleura which will be displaced anteriorly by the injectate.
* Similar approach will be used for the paravertebral block on the other side.
* Sensory block over the area of surgical incision will be confirmed by loss of cold sensation using an alcohol swab and pinprick sensation using a 23 G gauge needle every 3 mint until 15 min after injection of the study solutions and before starting general anesthesia.
General Anesthesia:
General Anesthesia will be induced using intravenous propofol (2-3 mg/kg), fentanyl IV (1µ/kg) microgram/kilo and atracurium besylate (0.6 mg/kg) to facilitate intubation. Then patient will be mechanically ventilated using a volume control mode with Tv 6-8ml/kg, respiratory rate 10-14 breath/min and I.E. ratio 1:2 to maintain Etco2 35-40 mmHg mli mercury. Anesthesia will be maintained using minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane 1.2% and 60% air in O2 mixture with top up dose of atracurium. Intraoperative IV fluids will be given per body weight and according to intraoperative loss.
All patients will be extubated at the end of surgery after neuromuscular reversal with administration of neostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) and IV atropine (0.02 mg/kg) and fulfilling the criteria of extubation. The duration of the surgery will be recorded.
Monitoring:
Intra-operative assessment
* In operating room, monitoring will be achieved by five lead electro cardi gram, oxygen saturation and non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure.
* Base line values of heart rate, oxygen saturation and non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure will be collected before and after paravertebral block, just after induction of anesthesia, at skin incision, then recording will be done every 15 mint till the end of the first hour and then every 30min interval till the end of surgery.
* Sensory block onset will be defined when the patient subjectively evaluate the intensities of both cold and pinprick sensations in the blocked side decrease 75 % or more.
* Duration of surgery will be defined as the time from induction to discharge from the operating room will be recorded.
* In case of increased in intra-operative systolic blood pressure and heart rate of more than 20% of baseline for longer than 5min, incremental doses of fentanyl IV 0.5µ/kg will be given and the case will be excluded.
Postoperative Assessment:
* On admission into the post operative care unit, all vital data \& hemodynamics (non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation) will be recorded at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hrs. postoperative
* Post-operative complications will be recorded including post-operative nausea and vomiting treated by metoclopramide, hypotension treated by phenylephrine drops, bradycardia treated by atropine or pneumothorax, respiratory depression and chest pain, respiratory depression is defined as respiratory rate less than 8 per minute or oxygen saturation below 90%.
Statistical analysis The statistical analysis of data will be done by using excel program for figures and Statistical Package for Social Science program version 22. To test the normality of data distribution Kolmogorov- Smirnov test will be done only significant data revealed to be nonparametric. Unpaired student-t test will be used for comparisons of numerical variables between-group, if its assumptions were fulfilled, otherwise for non-parametric; the Mann-Whitney test will be used. The description of data done in the form of mean (±SD) stander division for quantitative data and frequency and proportion for qualitative data. Any difference or change showing probability (P) less than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant at confidence interval 95%.
Patients:
This is a blind prospective randomized controlled study that will be conducted for one year in Mansoura university hospitals after approval from the Institutional Research Board (IRB), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, patients will be interviewed and written informed consents will be obtained. This study will include 26 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status grade I and grade II, of both sexes, aged between 20-60 years who will be scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Sample size calculation A Priori G-power analysis was done to estimate study sample size. A power of 90% was estimated with type I error of 0.05 to get an analgesic duration difference between groups of approximately 30% to yield of total sample size of 50 cases (25cases per group).
Randomization:
Fifty patients (number = 50) had laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bilateral paravertebral block during the study period. These patients were randomly allocated to undergo bilateral ultrasound guided paravertebral block. The groups allocated are concealed in sealed opaque envelopes which were not opened until patient consent was obtained.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) Number=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL mili saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg milgram magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
Methodology:
Anesthetic Management:
Preoperative Management:
All patients will be visited a day prior to surgery and will be assessed preoperatively by History, physical examination and laboratory evaluation (complete blood picture, coagulation profile, liver function and renal function tests). The study protocol and paravertebral block procedure will be explained to all patients. All patients will be familiar with the use of 0-10 visual analogue scale score identifying 0 as no pain and 10 as worst imaginable pain. Patient fast 6-8 hour before the time of surgery.
On arrival of the patient to the operating room routine monitoring will be applied, peripheral intravenous cannula 20 gauge will be inserted and 0.9% saline will be started to be infused. All patients will be premedicated using midazolam 0.03 mg/kg kilo intravenous.
Paravertebral block will be performed before induction of general anesthesia.
Technique of ultrasound guided paravertebral nerve block:
* Standard precautions for the performance of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks will be followed which include continuous routine monitoring, the skin overlying the injection site should be free of signs of infection and prepped with an antiseptic solution.
* Patient will lay in the lateral position, paravertebral block will be done using a 38 mm mile meter broadband linear array ultrasound probe.The probe surface in contact with the skin should be covered with a sterile adhesive dressing.
* A sagittal paramedian view of the paravertebral space will be obtained by applying the probe at a point 2.5 cm centimeter lateral to the tip of the spinous process in a vertical orientation, The fifth thoracic vertebral level will be identified by palpating and counting down from the seventh cervical body.
* The midpoint of the transducer will be aligned midway between the transverse processes of thoracic vertebra T5 and T6, 4 ml of 1 % lidocaine was injected subcutaneously at the puncture site,and 22 gauge spinal needle will be inserted in an in plane approach in a cephalad orientation and will be advanced perpendicularly to all skin planes under direct vision to puncture the superior costotransverse ligament where a click may be appreciated.
* Following negative aspiration, 1-2 ml of study solution will be injected to verify correct position of the needle tip and the rest of study solution will be injected in fractioned doses following intermittent aspiration between the superior costotransverse ligament and the parietal pleura which will be displaced anteriorly by the injectate.
* Similar approach will be used for the paravertebral block on the other side.
* Sensory block over the area of surgical incision will be confirmed by loss of cold sensation using an alcohol swab and pinprick sensation using a 23 G gauge needle every 3 mint until 15 min after injection of the study solutions and before starting general anesthesia.
General Anesthesia:
General Anesthesia will be induced using intravenous propofol (2-3 mg/kg), fentanyl IV (1µ/kg) microgram/kilo and atracurium besylate (0.6 mg/kg) to facilitate intubation. Then patient will be mechanically ventilated using a volume control mode with Tv 6-8ml/kg, respiratory rate 10-14 breath/min and I.E. ratio 1:2 to maintain Etco2 35-40 mmHg mli mercury. Anesthesia will be maintained using minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane 1.2% and 60% air in O2 mixture with top up dose of atracurium. Intraoperative IV fluids will be given per body weight and according to intraoperative loss.
All patients will be extubated at the end of surgery after neuromuscular reversal with administration of neostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) and IV atropine (0.02 mg/kg) and fulfilling the criteria of extubation. The duration of the surgery will be recorded.
Monitoring:
Intra-operative assessment
* In operating room, monitoring will be achieved by five lead electro cardi gram, oxygen saturation and non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure.
* Base line values of heart rate, oxygen saturation and non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure will be collected before and after paravertebral block, just after induction of anesthesia, at skin incision, then recording will be done every 15 mint till the end of the first hour and then every 30min interval till the end of surgery.
* Sensory block onset will be defined when the patient subjectively evaluate the intensities of both cold and pinprick sensations in the blocked side decrease 75 % or more.
* Duration of surgery will be defined as the time from induction to discharge from the operating room will be recorded.
* In case of increased in intra-operative systolic blood pressure and heart rate of more than 20% of baseline for longer than 5min, incremental doses of fentanyl IV 0.5µ/kg will be given and the case will be excluded.
Postoperative Assessment:
* On admission into the post operative care unit, all vital data \& hemodynamics (non-invasive mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation) will be recorded at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hrs. postoperative
* Post-operative complications will be recorded including post-operative nausea and vomiting treated by metoclopramide, hypotension treated by phenylephrine drops, bradycardia treated by atropine or pneumothorax, respiratory depression and chest pain, respiratory depression is defined as respiratory rate less than 8 per minute or oxygen saturation below 90%.
Statistical analysis The statistical analysis of data will be done by using excel program for figures and Statistical Package for Social Science program version 22. To test the normality of data distribution Kolmogorov- Smirnov test will be done only significant data revealed to be nonparametric. Unpaired student-t test will be used for comparisons of numerical variables between-group, if its assumptions were fulfilled, otherwise for non-parametric; the Mann-Whitney test will be used. The description of data done in the form of mean (±SD) stander division for quantitative data and frequency and proportion for qualitative data. Any difference or change showing probability (P) less than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant at confidence interval 95%.
Conditions
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Keywords
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paravertebral block laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
SEQUENTIAL
The groups allocated are concealed in sealed opaque envelopes which were not opened until patient consent was obtained.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
Primary Study Purpose
PREVENTION
Blinding Strategy
QUADRUPLE
Participants
Caregivers
Investigators
Outcome Assessors
The groups allocated are concealed in sealed opaque envelopes which were not opened until patient consent was obtained.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
The two groups were:
1. Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
2. Magnesium Group (M group) N=25 :
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
All patients were performed by the same anesthetic team with standard procedure.
Study Groups
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Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group)
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL saline 0.9% in a total volume of 20 ml on each side
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Bupivacain
Intervention Type
DRUG
local anesthetic agent
saline
Intervention Type
OTHER
medical solution
Magnesium Group (M group)
Included patients who received 17 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 3 mL of 75 mg magnesium sulfate diluted in 0.9% saline in a total volume of 20 ml on each side.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Bupivacain
Intervention Type
DRUG
local anesthetic agent
magnesium sulfate
Intervention Type
DRUG
In the central nervous system , it has depressant effects, by antagonism at NMDA receptors and through inhibition of release of catecholamines
saline
Intervention Type
OTHER
medical solution
Interventions
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Bupivacain
local anesthetic agent
Intervention Type
DRUG
magnesium sulfate
In the central nervous system , it has depressant effects, by antagonism at NMDA receptors and through inhibition of release of catecholamines
Intervention Type
DRUG
saline
medical solution
Intervention Type
OTHER
Other Intervention Names
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Control group: Bupivacaine Group (B group
Saline
Magnesium Group (M group)
saline
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in this study
Exclusion Criteria
* patient refusal to participate,
* Sever renal or cardiac illness,
* Pulmonary diseases as emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* Neuromuscular diseases (as myopathies and myasthenia gravies), -Hematological diseases, bleeding or coagulation abnormality,
* Psychiatric diseases,
* Local skin infection and sepsis at site of the block,
* Known hypersensitivity to the study drugs, and Severe chest wall deformity, e.g. scoliosis.
* Sever renal or cardiac illness,
* Pulmonary diseases as emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* Neuromuscular diseases (as myopathies and myasthenia gravies), -Hematological diseases, bleeding or coagulation abnormality,
* Psychiatric diseases,
* Local skin infection and sepsis at site of the block,
* Known hypersensitivity to the study drugs, and Severe chest wall deformity, e.g. scoliosis.
Minimum Eligible Age
20 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
60 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Mansoura University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Marwa Ibrahim Mohamed Abdo,MD
Lecturer of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care-Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Ghada Fa Al-Rahamawy, MD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Professor of Anesthesia - Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University
Hesham Ah Abdel Mohaiemn, MD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
Assistant Professor of Anesthesia - Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University
Marwa Ib Abdo, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Lecturer of Anesthesia Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University
Asmaa Ah Hossain, Ph.D
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Residant in Anesthesia - Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine - Mansoura University
Locations
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Marwa Ibrahim Mohamed Abdo
Al Mansurah, , Egypt
Site Status
Countries
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Egypt
References
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Agarwal A, Batra RK, Chhabra A, Subramaniam R, Misra MC. The evaluation of efficacy and safety of paravertebral block for perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012 Oct-Dec;6(4):344-9. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.105860.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bisgaard T, Klarskov B, Rosenberg J, Kehlet H. Characteristics and prediction of early pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pain. 2001 Feb 15;90(3):261-269. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00406-1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lau H, Brooks DC. Predictive factors for unanticipated admissions after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arch Surg. 2001 Oct;136(10):1150-3. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.136.10.1150.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Salihoglu Z, Yildirim M, Demiroluk S, Kaya G, Karatas A, Ertem M, Aytac E. Evaluation of intravenous paracetamol administration on postoperative pain and recovery characteristics in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009 Aug;19(4):321-3. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181b13933.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Davies RG, Myles PS, Graham JM. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Apr;96(4):418-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael020. Epub 2006 Feb 13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Klein SM, Bergh A, Steele SM, Georgiade GS, Greengrass RA. Thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000 Jun;90(6):1402-5. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200006000-00026.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Soni AK, Conacher ID, Waller DA, Hilton CJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopic placement of paravertebral catheters: a technique for postoperative analgesia for bilateral thoracoscopic surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Apr;72(4):462-4. doi: 10.1093/bja/72.4.462.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cheema SP, Ilsley D, Richardson J, Sabanathan S. A thermographic study of paravertebral analgesia. Anaesthesia. 1995 Feb;50(2):118-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb15092.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kopacz DJ, Allen HW, Thompson GE. A comparison of epidural levobupivacaine 0.75% with racemic bupivacaine for lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000 Mar;90(3):642-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200003000-00026.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bilgin M, Akcali Y, Oguzkaya F. Extrapleural regional versus systemic analgesia for relieving postthoracotomy pain: a clinical study of bupivacaine compared with metamizol. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Nov;126(5):1580-3. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5223(03)00701-3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Akhondzade R, Nesioonpour S, Gousheh M, Soltani F, Davarimoghadam M. The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Pain in Upper Limb Surgeries by Supraclavicular Block Under Ultrasound Guidance. Anesth Pain Med. 2017 Jun 10;7(3):e14232. doi: 10.5812/aapm.14232. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lee AR, Yi HW, Chung IS, Ko JS, Ahn HJ, Gwak MS, Choi DH, Choi SJ. Magnesium added to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia after interscalene nerve block. Can J Anaesth. 2012 Jan;59(1):21-7. doi: 10.1007/s12630-011-9604-5. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Choyce A, Peng P. A systematic review of adjuncts for intravenous regional anesthesia for surgical procedures. Can J Anaesth. 2002 Jan;49(1):32-45. doi: 10.1007/BF03020416.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine J. 2006 Jan;15 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S17-24. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-1044-x. Epub 2005 Dec 1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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MS/18.01.12
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id