Trial Outcomes & Findings for Online Study of the Effects of Sugary Drink Warning Labels on Consumption (NCT NCT05079477)

NCT ID: NCT05079477

Last Updated: 2024-04-04

Results Overview

Logged beverage calories/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 216 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: one week
• Results posted on: 2024-04-04

Participant Flow

Participants were recruited online from October 2021 to November 2022.

Of the 216 participants, 2 were pilot participants who helped us discover some necessary changes to study procedures. They were excluded from analysis along with 2 lost to follow-up, 1 who withdrew, and 22 participants who were not confirmed eligible with baseline measures, leaving 189 participants for analysis.

Participant milestones

Measure	Calorie Label Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Overall Study STARTED	108	108
Overall Study COMPLETED	94	95
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	14	13

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Calorie Label Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Overall Study Lost to Follow-up	2	0
Overall Study Withdrawal by Subject	1	0
Overall Study Ineligible based on baseline survey (eligible based on protocol: recruitment screener)	11	11
Overall Study Ineligible because pilot participants. The protocol changed after running them.	0	2

Baseline Characteristics

Online Study of the Effects of Sugary Drink Warning Labels on Consumption

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Calorie Label n=108 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=108 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Total n=216 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 • n=5 Participants	40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 • n=7 Participants	40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 • n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Male	8 Participants n=5 Participants	7 Participants n=7 Participants	15 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Female	97 Participants n=5 Participants	101 Participants n=7 Participants	198 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Non-binary / Gender non-conforming	3 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	7 Participants n=5 Participants	3 Participants n=7 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	101 Participants n=5 Participants	105 Participants n=7 Participants	206 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	3 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	38 Participants n=5 Participants	48 Participants n=7 Participants	86 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	57 Participants n=5 Participants	53 Participants n=7 Participants	110 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	8 Participants n=5 Participants	5 Participants n=7 Participants	13 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level Less than high school	1 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	3 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level High school graduate or received GED	9 Participants n=5 Participants	12 Participants n=7 Participants	21 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level Associates degree	9 Participants n=5 Participants	15 Participants n=7 Participants	24 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level Some college	18 Participants n=5 Participants	13 Participants n=7 Participants	31 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level College/University degree	32 Participants n=5 Participants	32 Participants n=7 Participants	64 Participants n=5 Participants
Education level Graduate or professional education	39 Participants n=5 Participants	34 Participants n=7 Participants	73 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of children in household 1 child	29 Participants n=5 Participants	15 Participants n=7 Participants	44 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of children in household 2 children	48 Participants n=5 Participants	50 Participants n=7 Participants	98 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of children in household 3 children	17 Participants n=5 Participants	26 Participants n=7 Participants	43 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of children in household 4 or more children	14 Participants n=5 Participants	17 Participants n=7 Participants	31 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of adults in household 1 adult	32 Participants n=5 Participants	32 Participants n=7 Participants	64 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of adults in household 2 adults	61 Participants n=5 Participants	62 Participants n=7 Participants	123 Participants n=5 Participants
Number of adults in household 3 or more adults	15 Participants n=5 Participants	14 Participants n=7 Participants	29 Participants n=5 Participants
Marital status Married or living with partner	73 Participants n=5 Participants	64 Participants n=7 Participants	137 Participants n=5 Participants
Marital status Single (never married, divorced, widowed, separated)	35 Participants n=5 Participants	44 Participants n=7 Participants	79 Participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Logged beverage calories/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Beverage Calories Purchased, Week 1	1.43 Logged calories/100mL Standard Deviation 0.62	1.40 Logged calories/100mL Standard Deviation 0.62

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Logged average beverage calories/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Beverage Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4	1.49 Logged calories/100mL Standard Deviation 0.50	1.43 Logged calories/100mL Standard Deviation 0.48

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1	8.95 g/100mL Standard Deviation 8.75	8.10 g/100mL Standard Deviation 8.43

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Average beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4	8.90 g/100mL Standard Deviation 8.07	6.99 g/100mL Standard Deviation 7.06

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage within each condition

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Week 1	67 Participants	68 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage at any point during Weeks 2-4, within each condition

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Weeks 2-4	77 Participants	73 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Logged snack calories/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Snack Calories Purchased, Week 1	2.89 Logged calories/100g Standard Deviation 0.22	2.94 Logged calories/100g Standard Deviation 0.22

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Logged average snack calories/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Snack Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4	2.94 Logged calories/100g Standard Deviation 0.21	2.96 Logged calories/100g Standard Deviation 0.20

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1	28.3 g/100g Standard Deviation 28.0	31.2 g/100g Standard Deviation 29.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Average snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4	38.3 g/100g Standard Deviation 32.1	37.3 g/100g Standard Deviation 26.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Log of the summed beverage and snack calories purchased

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Total Calories Purchased, Week 1	3.52 Logged calories Standard Deviation 0.26	3.55 Logged calories Standard Deviation 0.22

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Log of the average summed beverage and snack calories purchased per week over Weeks 2-4

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Total Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4	3.56 Logged calories Standard Deviation 0.22	3.55 Logged calories Standard Deviation 0.22

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: one week

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Total Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1	353 Grams Standard Deviation 300	321 Grams Standard Deviation 260

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: three weeks

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have order data because did not shop any of the 4 weeks.

Average summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased per week over Weeks 2-4

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Total Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4	378 Grams Standard Deviation 277	327 Grams Standard Deviation 238

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener).

Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=97 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Baseline	6.4 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 192.0	7.2 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 240.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data.

Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Final	6.4 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 156.0	7.2 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 240.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener).

Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=97 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Baseline	4 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 200.0	6 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 240.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data.

Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=95 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Final	3.4 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 160.0	5.6 Ounces Interval 0.0 to 240.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data, and 1 person didn't answer this question.

Participants will respond "yes," "no," or "I don't know" to the item: "When you selected a beverage to purchase in the store, did you notice any labels on the beverages other than calorie information?"

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Noticing the Label Yes	34 Participants	62 Participants
Noticing the Label No	48 Participants	22 Participants
Noticing the Label Don't know	12 Participants	10 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And 1 person didn't answer this question.

Participants will respond: "yes", "no," or "I did not notice any labels" in response to the question of whether the label influenced their purchase.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Perceived Label Influence Yes	15 Participants	41 Participants
Perceived Label Influence No	19 Participants	21 Participants
Perceived Label Influence I did not notice any labels	60 Participants	32 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And 3 more who didn't answer this question.

"How much do you trust the information on this label?". Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater trust in the label.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
How Much do You Trust the Information on This Label	5.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.7	6.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Three more didn't answer this question.

"If this government warning label were on a beverage, how much would it change your thoughts about the healthiness of that beverage for your child?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 5=A lot. Higher numbers indicate the label would be more likely to change perceptions of beverage healthiness.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Likelihood of Label Changing Thoughts	3.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.4	4.2 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. 3 additional didn't answer this question.

"If you saw this government warning label on a beverage, would the label encourage you to serve your child that beverage less often?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Definitely no and 5=Definitely yes. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving unhealthy beverages less often.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Encourage You to Give Fewer Beverages to Your Child	3.9 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.2	4.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Three additional participants didn't answer this question.

Average negative emotional response to the label will be examined (said the warning label made them feel worried, fearful, guilty, or disgusted or grossed out). Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale averaging across the 4 negative emotions where 1=Not at all and 5=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate more negative reactions.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Negative Reactions to the Label	2.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.9	3.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Child Enjoyment of Water	5.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.9	5.2 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Child Enjoyment of Orange Juice	5.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.8	5.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Child Enjoyment of Soda	4.8 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5	4.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Child Enjoyment of Sports Drink	4.6 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1	4.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=94 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Likely to Serve or Buy Water	4.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.4	4.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Likely to Serve or Buy Orange Juice	4.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1	4.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Likely to Serve or Buy Soda	2.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.6	2.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer this question.

"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Likely to Serve or Buy Sports Drinks	2.6 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.9	2.8 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer these questions.

Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Water	41.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.7	40.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer these questions.

Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Orange Juice	28.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.9	29.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer these questions.

Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Soda	13.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.4	14.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. And participants who did not answer these questions.

Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Sports Drinks	23.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.8	23.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Water	0 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 10.0	0 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 32.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Orange Juice	4 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 120.0	4 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 60.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Soda	10 teaspoons Interval 2.0 to 200.0	16 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 120.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Sports Drinks	6 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 60.0	8 teaspoons Interval 0.0 to 30.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Water	2.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.4	2.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Orange Juice	2.5 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.5	2.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=94 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Soda	3.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.3	3.0 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Week 4

Population: Excludes 22 participants who were not eligible according to the baseline survey (although met protocol eligibility with recruitment screener). 3 participants did not have final survey data. Additional participants who did not answer this question.

This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.

Outcome measures

Measure	Calorie Label n=93 Participants Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label. Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods	Sugar Graphic Warning Label n=93 Participants All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage. Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels: Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels Exposure to calorie information: Calories for all beverages and foods
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sports Drinks	2.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.5	2.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.5

Adverse Events

Calorie Label

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Sugar Graphic Warning Label

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Laura Gibson

University of Pennsylvania

Phone: 215-898-7093

Email: gibla@pennmedicine.upenn.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place