Study Results
Results pending
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Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
UNKNOWN
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
101 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2023-03-03
Study Completion Date
2023-11-01
Brief Summary
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Diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) stimulates P2Y2 receptors on the ocular surface, which enhances mucin secretion from goblet cells. Therefore, tear film stability and hydration of the ocular surface can be achieved independent from lacrimal glands function. While it has been observed that 0.1 percent hyaluronate (HA) in artificial tears promotes corneal re-epithelium and improves corneal healing.This prospective, open label pilot study will include 60 eyes of 30 diabetic patients diagnosed with DED and will be randomly assigned to either DQS (n=30 eyes) or ATD group (n=30 eyes). Participants in the DQS group will receive 3% Diquafosol ophthalmic solution, while HA group will receive 0.1% Sodium hyaluronate artificial tears. The dosage for both drugs will be one drop, six times per day for 4 weeks. Tear film lipid layer (TFLL), non-invasive breakup time (NITBUT), corneoconjunctival staining score (CS), meibum gland (MG), conjunctival hyperemia (RS score), ocular surface disease index (OSDI) will be assessed and compared at baseline, day-14, and day-28.
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Detailed Description
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This study will be conducted in compliance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Institutional Review Board of He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China (approval number: IRB2019.K002.01).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic illness that causes relative insulin insufficiency in target organs owing to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance \[1\]. Shift to sedentary lifestyle, ageing population and obesity has significantly contributed to the global rise in the prevalence of T2DM \[2\]. In 2019 the prevalence of diabetes was documented to be 9.3% (463 million people) and in 2030 it is estimated to rise to 10.2% (578 million) and T2DM accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetic occurrence\[3\]. Negative alterations to the tear film, corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, and corneal nerves have been observed in 47-64% of patients with diabetes\[4\] \[5\]. Ocular surface manifestation of signs and symptoms secondary to DM has been termed as diabetic keratopathy (DK). DK has been documented to increase central corneal thickness\[6\], decrease in endothelial cell density\[7\], leads of superficial punctate keratitis\[8\], delay and impede wound repair\[9\], and decrease in corneal sensitivity due to neuropathy\[10\]. Additionally, DM patients have also been noted to have compromised tear quantity and quality\[11\]\[12\] due to conjunctival goblet cell loss as documented on cytologic analysis \[13\]. Goblet cells secrete mucin, which stabilizes the tear film, minimizes tear evaporation, and reduces mechanical friction. Goblet cell loss in animal models suggests that it disrupts the ocular surface's immune tolerance \[14\] and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the conjunctiva\[15\]. 0.1% hyaluronate (HA) used in artificial tears have been reported to promote corneal re-epithelium and improve corneal healing\[16\].
Additionally, HA has been reported to decrease the rate of tear evaporation and enhance the stability of tear film \[17\]. Diquafosol tetrasodium is a dinucleotide polyphosphate which a purinoceptor agonist, when administered to the ocular surface, it binds to P2Y2 receptors and stimulates mucin and tear secretion\[18-20\]. The corneal epithelium, conjunctival epithelium, lacrimal gland ductal epithelium, meibomian gland sebaceous cells, and meibomian gland ductal cells all express the P2Y2 receptor. \[21,22\]. Subsequently, enhanced secretion of mucin and tear secretion due to Diquafosol tetrasodium ophthalmic solution (DQS) stabilize the tear film, minimizes tear evaporation, and reduces mechanical friction thereby protecting the corneal epithelium \[23\]. Various reports have concluded that that 3% DQS is effective in the treatment of dry eye disease \[24-26\] and Dota et al.'s \[19\] findings suggest that DQS improves corneal epithelial damage in T2DM rat model.
However, the effect of DQS on the tear film of T2DM humans has not been previously assessed. Therefore, the purpose s to assess subjective and objective diabetic dry eye findings after using 3% DQS or 0.1% HA topical eye drops.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic illness that causes relative insulin insufficiency in target organs owing to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance \[1\]. Shift to sedentary lifestyle, ageing population and obesity has significantly contributed to the global rise in the prevalence of T2DM \[2\]. In 2019 the prevalence of diabetes was documented to be 9.3% (463 million people) and in 2030 it is estimated to rise to 10.2% (578 million) and T2DM accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetic occurrence\[3\]. Negative alterations to the tear film, corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, and corneal nerves have been observed in 47-64% of patients with diabetes\[4\] \[5\]. Ocular surface manifestation of signs and symptoms secondary to DM has been termed as diabetic keratopathy (DK). DK has been documented to increase central corneal thickness\[6\], decrease in endothelial cell density\[7\], leads of superficial punctate keratitis\[8\], delay and impede wound repair\[9\], and decrease in corneal sensitivity due to neuropathy\[10\]. Additionally, DM patients have also been noted to have compromised tear quantity and quality\[11\]\[12\] due to conjunctival goblet cell loss as documented on cytologic analysis \[13\]. Goblet cells secrete mucin, which stabilizes the tear film, minimizes tear evaporation, and reduces mechanical friction. Goblet cell loss in animal models suggests that it disrupts the ocular surface's immune tolerance \[14\] and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the conjunctiva\[15\]. 0.1% hyaluronate (HA) used in artificial tears have been reported to promote corneal re-epithelium and improve corneal healing\[16\].
Additionally, HA has been reported to decrease the rate of tear evaporation and enhance the stability of tear film \[17\]. Diquafosol tetrasodium is a dinucleotide polyphosphate which a purinoceptor agonist, when administered to the ocular surface, it binds to P2Y2 receptors and stimulates mucin and tear secretion\[18-20\]. The corneal epithelium, conjunctival epithelium, lacrimal gland ductal epithelium, meibomian gland sebaceous cells, and meibomian gland ductal cells all express the P2Y2 receptor. \[21,22\]. Subsequently, enhanced secretion of mucin and tear secretion due to Diquafosol tetrasodium ophthalmic solution (DQS) stabilize the tear film, minimizes tear evaporation, and reduces mechanical friction thereby protecting the corneal epithelium \[23\]. Various reports have concluded that that 3% DQS is effective in the treatment of dry eye disease \[24-26\] and Dota et al.'s \[19\] findings suggest that DQS improves corneal epithelial damage in T2DM rat model.
However, the effect of DQS on the tear film of T2DM humans has not been previously assessed. Therefore, the purpose s to assess subjective and objective diabetic dry eye findings after using 3% DQS or 0.1% HA topical eye drops.
Conditions
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Diabetic Eye Problems
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Prospective, comparative pilot study
Primary Study Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Blinding Strategy
TRIPLE
Caregivers
Investigators
Outcome Assessors
Masked examiner for all clinical assessments will not involved in the data collection or group allocation procedure for this research. The investigator will not be aware of the two groups.
Study Groups
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DQS group
Participants in DQS group will be administered one drop of 3% DQS (Diquas, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) six times per day for 8 weeks.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
3% Diquafosol tetrasodium
Intervention Type
DRUG
3% Diquafosol tetrasodium eye drops will be used to assess its usefulness in diabetic dry eye symptoms
HA group
Participants in HA group will be administered one drop of 0.1% Sodium hyaluronate artificial tears (preservative free) six times per day for 8 weeks.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
0.1% hyaluronate
Intervention Type
DRUG
0.1% hyaluronate eye drops will be used to assess its usefulness in diabetic dry eye symptoms and compared to 3% Diquafosol tetrasodium eye drops.
Interventions
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3% Diquafosol tetrasodium
3% Diquafosol tetrasodium eye drops will be used to assess its usefulness in diabetic dry eye symptoms
Intervention Type
DRUG
0.1% hyaluronate
0.1% hyaluronate eye drops will be used to assess its usefulness in diabetic dry eye symptoms and compared to 3% Diquafosol tetrasodium eye drops.
Intervention Type
DRUG
Other Intervention Names
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Diquas
Artificial tears
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Age ≥18 years
* Clinical diagnosed and confirmed with type 2 diabetes for one year or more
* Able and willing to comply with the treatment/follow-up schedule
* Bilateral signs and symptoms of dry eye disease
* Clinical diagnosed and confirmed with type 2 diabetes for one year or more
* Able and willing to comply with the treatment/follow-up schedule
* Bilateral signs and symptoms of dry eye disease
Exclusion Criteria
* Participants with systemic immune-mediated illnesses, such as secondary Sjögren's syndrome or graft-versus-host disease
* Patients using topical medication(s) for the treatment of ocular disorders such as glaucoma or allergic conjunctivitis were excluded from the study.
* Previous ocular surgery or trauma
* 1-month history of blepharal and periorbital skin disease or allergies
* Severe dry eyes with corneal epithelial defect
* Limbic keratitis
* Pterygium
* Corneal neovascularization
* Glaucoma
* Breastfeeding
* Rheumatic immune systemic diseases
* Herpes zoster infection
* Pregnant women
* Allergic to fluorescein
* Contact lens wearers
* Patients using topical medication(s) for the treatment of ocular disorders such as glaucoma or allergic conjunctivitis were excluded from the study.
* Previous ocular surgery or trauma
* 1-month history of blepharal and periorbital skin disease or allergies
* Severe dry eyes with corneal epithelial defect
* Limbic keratitis
* Pterygium
* Corneal neovascularization
* Glaucoma
* Breastfeeding
* Rheumatic immune systemic diseases
* Herpes zoster infection
* Pregnant women
* Allergic to fluorescein
* Contact lens wearers
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
99 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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He Eye Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Emmanuel Eric Pazo
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
He Eye Hospital, Shenyang, China
Locations
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He Eye Hospital
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Site Status
Countries
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China
Central Contacts
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Facility Contacts
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References
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Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2239-2251. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Reference Type
RESULT
Weisman A, Fazli GS, Johns A, Booth GL. Evolving Trends in the Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review. Can J Cardiol. 2018 May;34(5):552-564. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.03.002. Epub 2018 Mar 13.
Reference Type
RESULT
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, Colagiuri S, Guariguata L, Motala AA, Ogurtsova K, Shaw JE, Bright D, Williams R; IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Nov;157:107843. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843. Epub 2019 Sep 10.
Reference Type
RESULT
Abdelkader H, Patel DV, McGhee CNj, Alany RG. New therapeutic approaches in the treatment of diabetic keratopathy: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Apr;39(3):259-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02435.x. Epub 2011 Apr 4.
Reference Type
RESULT
Vieira-Potter VJ, Karamichos D, Lee DJ. Ocular Complications of Diabetes and Therapeutic Approaches. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3801570. doi: 10.1155/2016/3801570. Epub 2016 Mar 28.
Reference Type
RESULT
El-Agamy A, Alsubaie S. Corneal endothelium and central corneal thickness changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017 Mar 2;11:481-486. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S126217. eCollection 2017.
Reference Type
RESULT
Lee JS, Oum BS, Choi HY, Lee JE, Cho BM. Differences in corneal thickness and corneal endothelium related to duration in diabetes. Eye (Lond). 2006 Mar;20(3):315-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701868.
Reference Type
RESULT
Inoue K, Okugawa K, Amano S, Oshika T, Takamura E, Egami F, Umizu G, Aikawa K, Kato S. Blinking and superficial punctate keratopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eye (Lond). 2005 Apr;19(4):418-21. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701497.
Reference Type
RESULT
Shih KC, Lam KS, Tong L. A systematic review on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the ocular surface. Nutr Diabetes. 2017 Mar 20;7(3):e251. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2017.4.
Reference Type
RESULT
Murphy PJ, Patel S, Kong N, Ryder RE, Marshall J. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Jun;45(6):1737-42. doi: 10.1167/iovs.03-0689.
Reference Type
RESULT
Dogru M, Katakami C, Inoue M. Tear function and ocular surface changes in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 2001 Mar;108(3):586-92. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00599-6.
Reference Type
RESULT
Sagdik HM, Ugurbas SH, Can M, Tetikoglu M, Ugurbas E, Ugurbas SC, Alpay A, Ucar F. Tear film osmolarity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmic Res. 2013;50(1):1-5. doi: 10.1159/000345770. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
Reference Type
RESULT
Barbosa FL, Xiao Y, Bian F, Coursey TG, Ko BY, Clevers H, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Goblet Cells Contribute to Ocular Surface Immune Tolerance-Implications for Dry Eye Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 May 5;18(5):978. doi: 10.3390/ijms18050978.
Reference Type
RESULT
Marko CK, Menon BB, Chen G, Whitsett JA, Clevers H, Gipson IK. Spdef null mice lack conjunctival goblet cells and provide a model of dry eye. Am J Pathol. 2013 Jul;183(1):35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.017. Epub 2013 May 10.
Reference Type
RESULT
Park Y, Song JS, Choi CY, Yoon KC, Lee HK, Kim HS. A Randomized Multicenter Study Comparing 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3% Sodium Hyaluronate with 0.05% Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Dry Eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Mar;33(2):66-72. doi: 10.1089/jop.2016.0086. Epub 2016 Dec 8.
Reference Type
RESULT
Jeon HS, Hyon JY. The Efficacy of Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution in Non-Sjogren and Sjogren Syndrome Dry Eye Patients Unresponsive to Artificial Tear. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Sep;32(7):463-8. doi: 10.1089/jop.2015.0081. Epub 2016 Jun 13.
Reference Type
RESULT
Jumblatt JE, Jumblatt MM. Regulation of ocular mucin secretion by P2Y2 nucleotide receptors in rabbit and human conjunctiva. Exp Eye Res. 1998 Sep;67(3):341-6. doi: 10.1006/exer.1998.0520.
Reference Type
RESULT
Dota A, Sakamoto A, Nagano T, Murakami T, Matsugi T. Effect of Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution on Airflow-Induced Ocular Surface Disorder in Diabetic Rats. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Apr 1;14:1019-1024. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S242764. eCollection 2020.
Reference Type
RESULT
Kulkarni AA, Trousdale MD, Stevenson D, Gukasyan HJ, Shiue MH, Kim KJ, Read RW, Lee VH. Nucleotide-induced restoration of conjunctival chloride and fluid secretion in adenovirus type 5-infected pigmented rabbit eyes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):1206-11. doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.049221. Epub 2003 Mar 20.
Reference Type
RESULT
Cowlen MS, Zhang VZ, Warnock L, Moyer CF, Peterson WM, Yerxa BR. Localization of ocular P2Y2 receptor gene expression by in situ hybridization. Exp Eye Res. 2003 Jul;77(1):77-84. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00068-x.
Reference Type
RESULT
Tanioka H, Kuriki Y, Sakamoto A, Katsuta O, Kawazu K, Nakamura M. Expression of the P2Y(2) receptor on the rat ocular surface during a 1-year rearing period. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2014 Nov;58(6):515-21. doi: 10.1007/s10384-014-0342-4. Epub 2014 Sep 2.
Reference Type
RESULT
Yuko, T.S.; NAKAMURA, M. Stimulatory Effect of Diquafosol Tetrasodium on the Expression of Membrane-Binding Mucin Genes in Cultured Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Journal of the eye 2011, 28, 425-429.
Reference Type
RESULT
Kaido M, Kawashima M, Shigeno Y, Yamada Y, Tsubota K. Randomized Controlled Study to Investigate the Effect of Topical Diquafosol Tetrasodium on Corneal Sensitivity in Short Tear Break-Up Time Dry Eye. Adv Ther. 2018 May;35(5):697-706. doi: 10.1007/s12325-018-0685-1. Epub 2018 Apr 18.
Reference Type
RESULT
Ji YW, Kim HM, Ryu SY, Oh JW, Yeo A, Choi CY, Kim MJ, Song JS, Kim HS, Seo KY, Kim KP, Lee HK. Changes in Human Tear Proteome Following Topical Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Cyclosporine A Versus Diquafosol Tetrasodium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019 Dec 2;60(15):5035-5044. doi: 10.1167/iovs.19-27872.
Reference Type
RESULT
Amano S, Inoue K. Effect of topical 3% diquafosol sodium on eyes with dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017 Sep 14;11:1677-1682. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S148167. eCollection 2017.
Reference Type
RESULT
Ohashi Y, Munesue M, Shimazaki J, Takamura E, Yokoi N, Watanabe H, Nomura A, Shimada F. Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Diquafosol for the Treatment of Dry Eye in a Real-World Setting: A Prospective Observational Study. Adv Ther. 2020 Feb;37(2):707-717. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01188-x. Epub 2019 Dec 13.
Reference Type
RESULT
Zhang Q, Zhang H, Qin G, Wu Y, Song Y, Yang L, Yu S, He X, Moore JE, Moutari S, Palme C, Xu L, He W, Pazo EE. Impact of Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution on Tear Film and Dry Eye Symptom in Type 2 Diabetic Dry Eye: A Pilot Study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Mar;38(2):133-140. doi: 10.1089/jop.2021.0083. Epub 2022 Jan 19.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
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DMDEDQS-2021-1
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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