Trial Outcomes & Findings for Correcting Public Misperceptions About Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes (NCT NCT04974489)

NCT ID: NCT04974489

Last Updated: 2022-11-08

Results Overview

Measured by a 3 item scale. Very low nicotine content (VLNC) Misperception measured with 3 questions, the final VLNC misperception score is a mean of the response to the 3 questions, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a perception that VLNC are much more harmful than other cigarettes, and 5 indicates a perception that VLNC are much less harmful than other cigarettes, and 3 is a perception that VLNC are as harmful as other cigarettes.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 1153 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: During one day survey
• Results posted on: 2022-11-08

Participant Flow

Participants were recruited from a panel, screened for study eligibility, and invited to enroll after they were determined to be eligible.

1,253 participants completed the study questionnaire, and the panel provider determined that of those 1,145 qualified participants completed the questionnaire. The panel provider removed 13 cases from the study who skipped half or more of the survey questions. The study team received data for 1,132 participants. For analysis purposes, we excluded anyone who did not complete the questions for the primary outcome (n=79), yielding a final analysis sample size of 1,053.

Participant milestones

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Overall Study STARTED	285	274	288	285
Overall Study COMPLETED	262	261	263	267
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	23	13	25	18

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Correcting Public Misperceptions About Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.	Total n=1053 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	54.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.7 • n=5 Participants	54.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.6 • n=7 Participants	54.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.2 • n=5 Participants	54.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.1 • n=4 Participants	54.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.4 • n=21 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Male	138 Participants n=5 Participants	131 Participants n=7 Participants	129 Participants n=5 Participants	136 Participants n=4 Participants	534 Participants n=21 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Female	122 Participants n=5 Participants	129 Participants n=7 Participants	134 Participants n=5 Participants	127 Participants n=4 Participants	512 Participants n=21 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Non-binary and Prefer to Self Describe	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	4 Participants n=4 Participants	5 Participants n=21 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Missing	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	2 Participants n=21 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White, Non-Hispanic	201 Participants n=5 Participants	203 Participants n=7 Participants	192 Participants n=5 Participants	197 Participants n=4 Participants	793 Participants n=21 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black, Non-Hispanic	22 Participants n=5 Participants	27 Participants n=7 Participants	39 Participants n=5 Participants	35 Participants n=4 Participants	123 Participants n=21 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic or Latino	22 Participants n=5 Participants	19 Participants n=7 Participants	23 Participants n=5 Participants	19 Participants n=4 Participants	83 Participants n=21 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other, Non-Hispanic	9 Participants n=5 Participants	4 Participants n=7 Participants	4 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=4 Participants	23 Participants n=21 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Two Races or More, Non-Hispanic	8 Participants n=5 Participants	8 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=4 Participants	31 Participants n=21 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	262 participants n=5 Participants	261 participants n=7 Participants	263 participants n=5 Participants	267 participants n=4 Participants	1053 participants n=21 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Measured by a 3 item scale. Very low nicotine content (VLNC) Misperception measured with 3 questions, the final VLNC misperception score is a mean of the response to the 3 questions, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a perception that VLNC are much more harmful than other cigarettes, and 5 indicates a perception that VLNC are much less harmful than other cigarettes, and 3 is a perception that VLNC are as harmful as other cigarettes.

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Misperception	3.12 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.56	3.04 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.61	3.04 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.54	3.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.80

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Very low nicotine content (VLNC) Misperception of Harm was measured with 1 question, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a perception that VLNC are much more harmful than other cigarettes, and 5 indicates a perception that VLNC are much less harmful than other cigarettes, and 3 is a perception that VLNC are as harmful as other cigarettes. The results were dichotomized to indicate the percentage of people who hold the misperception. Specifically, responses of "much less likely" (5) or "less likely" (4) were recoded as 1 (having the misperception), and responses of "Much more likely" (1), "More likely" (2), or "As likely" (3) were recoded as 0 (not having the misperception).

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Percentage of Participants With Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Misperception About Harm (Dichotomized)	18.3 percentage of participants Interval 13.6 to 23.0	12.6 percentage of participants Interval 8.6 to 16.7	11.4 percentage of participants Interval 7.5 to 15.3	38.2 percentage of participants Interval 32.3 to 44.1

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Very low nicotine content (VLNC) Misperception of Risk of Cancer was measured with 1 question, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a perception that VLNC are much more likely to cause cancer than other cigarettes, and 5 indicates a perception that VLNC are much less likely to cause cancer than other cigarettes, and 3 is a perception that VLNC are as likely to cause cancer as other cigarettes. The results were dichotomized to indicate the percentage of people who hold the misperception. Specifically, responses of "much less likely" (5) or "less likely" (4) were recoded as 1 (having the misperception), and responses of "Much more likely" (1), "More likely" (2), or "As likely" (3) were recoded as 0 (not having the misperception).

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Percentage of Participants With Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Misperception About Cancer (Dichotomized)	16.8 percentage of participants Interval 12.2 to 21.4	11.1 percentage of participants Interval 7.3 to 14.9	9.5 percentage of participants Interval 5.9 to 13.1	31.8 percentage of participants Interval 26.2 to 37.5

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Very low nicotine content (VLNC) Misperception of Risk of Death was measured with 1 question, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a perception that VLNC are much more likely to cause death than other cigarettes, and 5 indicates a perception that VLNC are much less likely to cause death than other cigarettes, and 3 is a perception that VLNC are as likely to cause death as other cigarettes. The results were dichotomized to indicate the percentage of people who hold the misperception. Specifically, responses of "much less likely" (5) or "less likely" (4) were recoded as 1 (having the misperception), and responses of "Much more likely" (1), "More likely" (2), or "As likely" (3) were recoded as 0 (not having the misperception).

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Percentage of Participants With Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Misperception About Death (Dichotomized)	16.4 percentage of participants Interval 11.9 to 20.9	16.1 percentage of participants Interval 11.6 to 20.6	9.9 percentage of participants Interval 6.3 to 13.5	34.5 percentage of participants Interval 28.7 to 40.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to all 3 questions for the outcome measure.

Measured by a 3 item scale. Quit intention measured with 3 questions, the final quit intention score is a mean of the response to the 3 questions, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low intention to quit smoking, and 5 indicates a high intention to quit.

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=255 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=251 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=258 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=258 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Quit Intentions	2.88 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.22	2.80 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.13	2.87 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.27	2.85 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.26

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to all 9 questions for the outcome measure

Measured by a 3 item scale after each message, 9 items total. Perceived message effectiveness measured with 3 questions per message. The final perceived message effectiveness score is a mean of the response to the 3 questions, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low perceived message effectiveness, and 5 indicates high perceived message effectiveness.

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=254 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=257 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=257 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=263 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Perceived Message Effectiveness	3.07 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.87	3.26 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.86	3.17 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.90	2.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.96

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Perceived Understandability is measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How easy was it to understand the three black and white messages we showed you earlier?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=265 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Perceived Understandability	4.48 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.82	4.5 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.83	4.37 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.86	4.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.94

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Attention is measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How much did the messages grab your attention?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very much", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Attention	3.26 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.22	2.14 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.10	3.13 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.16	2.73 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.12

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Negative affect is measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How much did the messages make you feel scared?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very much", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=261 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=266 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Negative Affect	2.18 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.31	1.97 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.15	1.93 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.13	1.42 units on a scale Standard Deviation 0.78

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Cognitive Reactions are measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How much did the messages make you think about the risk of smoking cigarettes that have 95% less nicotine?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very much", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=260 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Cognitive Reactions	2.68 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.29	2.68 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.28	2.66 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.23	1.97 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.11

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Social Interactions are measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How much would you talk with other people about the messages?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very much", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=260 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=267 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Social Interactions	2.28 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.28	2.16 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.16	2.24 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.17	2.09 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.17

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to the outcome measure

Reactance is measured with 1 question on a scale of 1 to 5: "How much do you feel that the messages are trying to manipulate you?", where 1 = "Not at all", 5 = "Very much", and 3 = "Somewhat"

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=259 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=263 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=266 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Reactance	2.81 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.41	2.61 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.40	2.62 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.36	2.44 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.33

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: During one day survey

Population: Overall number of participants analyzed is the number of participants in each condition that responded to all 3 questions for the outcome measure

Measured by a 3 item scale. Interest in other nicotine products with 3 questions, the final score is a mean of the response to the 3 questions, on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low interest in other nicotine products, and 5 indicates a high interest in other nicotine products.

Outcome measures

Measure	Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=259 Participants Emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 emotion-based messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=258 Participants Continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 continued-harm-framed messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC n=262 Participants Myth-refuting messages about the harm of VLNC: Participants in this arm will receive 3 myth-refuting messages messages about the harm of VLNC during the survey data collection.	Control Messages About Littering n=266 Participants Control messages about littering: Participants in this arm will receive 3 control messages about littering during the survey data collection.
Interest in Other Nicotine Products	2.75 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.86	2.80 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.78	2.77 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.85	2.66 score on a scale Standard Deviation 0.84

Adverse Events

Emotion-based Messages About the Harm of VLNC

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Continued-harm-framed Messages About the Harm of VLNC

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Myth-refuting Messages About the Harm of VLNC

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Control Messages About Littering

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

M. Justin Byron, PhD

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Phone: (919)966-3292

Email: jbyron@unc.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place