Trial Outcomes & Findings for Cold and Warm Water for Performance Recovery (NCT NCT04902924)
NCT ID: NCT04902924
Last Updated: 2025-10-07
Results Overview
maximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
30 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
baseline to 72 hours
Results posted on
2025-10-07
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Total
n=30 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=30 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=30 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=30 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
23.8 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3 • n=10 Participants
|
23.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 • n=10 Participants
|
23.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 • n=10 Participants
|
23.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 • n=30 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=30 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=10 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=30 Participants
|
|
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0 Participants
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Switzerland
|
10 participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 participants
n=10 Participants
|
10 participants
n=10 Participants
|
30 participants
n=30 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline to 72 hoursmaximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N)
BL
|
54.8 Newton
Standard Deviation 14.9
|
65.8 Newton
Standard Deviation 11.6
|
52.2 Newton
Standard Deviation 14.1
|
|
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N)
24h
|
33.8 Newton
Standard Deviation 13.9
|
41.1 Newton
Standard Deviation 11.4
|
29.3 Newton
Standard Deviation 8.7
|
|
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N)
48h
|
41.8 Newton
Standard Deviation 16.4
|
47.9 Newton
Standard Deviation 10.3
|
34.7 Newton
Standard Deviation 12.3
|
|
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N)
72h
|
45.0 Newton
Standard Deviation 17.0
|
54.5 Newton
Standard Deviation 11.8
|
40.4 Newton
Standard Deviation 13.2
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline to 72 hoursdelayed onset of muscle soreness will be measured using a 0-10 scale, where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicates maximum soreness of the knee extensor muscles
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
BL
|
0.1 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.1
|
0.1 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.1
|
0.1 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.1
|
|
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
24h
|
6.3 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.6
|
6.1 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.5
|
6.3 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.7
|
|
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
48h
|
5.0 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.8
|
5.9 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.0
|
6.1 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.1
|
|
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
72h
|
2.9 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.6
|
4.6 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.1
|
3.3 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.3
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline to 72 hoursswelling of the knee extensor muscle will be performed using a ultrasound device.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Muscle Swelling
BL
|
4.3 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
4.8 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
4.6 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
|
Muscle Swelling
24h
|
4.6 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
5.2 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
4.8 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
|
Muscle Swelling
48h
|
4.5 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
5.1 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
4.7 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
|
Muscle Swelling
72h
|
4.4 cm
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
5.0 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
4.6 cm
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline to 72 hoursusing a blood sample (6 ml), creatine-kinase will be assessed
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Creatine-kinase (U/l)
BL
|
111.0 U/l
Standard Deviation 41.5
|
214.3 U/l
Standard Deviation 180.9
|
119.8 U/l
Standard Deviation 50.2
|
|
Creatine-kinase (U/l)
24h
|
573.5 U/l
Standard Deviation 488.9
|
820.6 U/l
Standard Deviation 517.7
|
455.0 U/l
Standard Deviation 318.2
|
|
Creatine-kinase (U/l)
48h
|
335.4 U/l
Standard Deviation 256.9
|
441.2 U/l
Standard Deviation 349.2
|
288.3 U/l
Standard Deviation 200.9
|
|
Creatine-kinase (U/l)
72h
|
205.9 U/l
Standard Deviation 146.2
|
314.3 U/l
Standard Deviation 321.8
|
191.4 U/l
Standard Deviation 118.1
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutesMuscle oxygenation saturation (SmO2) of the knee extensor muscle will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy device. Oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total haemoglobin (TotHb) were assessed in arbitrary units and SmO2 was calculated as oxyHb/TotHb x 100 value (%)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
post exercise
|
70.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 7.7
|
71.1 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 7.1
|
73.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 5.9
|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
post Intervention
|
76.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 5.8
|
76.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 3.4
|
74.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 4.8
|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
BL
|
68.7 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 4.4
|
68.8 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 3.8
|
70.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 3.7
|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
10min
|
73.6 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 5.3
|
75.5 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 5.1
|
75.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 5.4
|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
20min
|
67.8 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 2.7
|
74.7 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 3.2
|
73.5 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 6.6
|
|
Muscle Blood Oxygenation
30min
|
64.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 6.4
|
74.4 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 3.9
|
73.0 percentage of muscle oxygen saturation
Standard Deviation 6.1
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutesSkin temperature will be measured using a near infrared thermography camera
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
20min
|
27.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.1
|
34.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
32.4 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.8
|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
BL
|
30.6 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.9
|
31.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.1
|
30.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.9
|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
post Exercise
|
30.0 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.9
|
29.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.0
|
29.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.7
|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
post Intervention
|
15.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 2.5
|
35.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.7
|
31.8 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.0
|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
10min
|
24.8 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.2
|
35.3 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
32.3 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.8
|
|
Skin Temperature (°C)
30min
|
29.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 1.0
|
34.8 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.7
|
32.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.9
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: through recovery intervention up to 30 minutescore temperature will be measured using temperature pill that will provide real time values from the gastrointestinal region
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest
repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest.
repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
Control
n=10 Participants
In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition.
control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
BL
|
37.1 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.4
|
37.1 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
36.8 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.4
|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
post Exercise
|
38.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
38.4 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.3
|
38.3 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
post Intervention
|
37.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
38.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.3
|
37.9 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.3
|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
10 min
|
37.6 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.8 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
20 min
|
37.3 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.3 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
|
Core Temperature (°C)
30 min
|
37.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.5 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.2
|
37.2 degree Celsius
Standard Deviation 0.1
|
Adverse Events
Repeated Cold-water Immersion
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Repeated Warm-water Immersion
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Control
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Vanessa Wellauer
Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RESlab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI)
Phone: 0041 81 300 01 78
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place