Trial Outcomes & Findings for Use of Behavioral Economics in Repeat SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Antibody Testing in Disadvantaged Communities (NCT NCT04901624)
NCT ID: NCT04901624
Last Updated: 2024-08-14
Results Overview
Effectiveness of risk-based messaging and incentives to encourage attendance at Time 2 testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
2164 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
6 months
Results posted on
2024-08-14
Participant Flow
Between June 2021 and December 2022, potential participants were contacted by phone by a bilingual coordinator and invited to participate in a study about COVID-19.
We drew a simple random sample of patient households without replacement from AltaMed registry. Each household sampled was contacted to identify eligibility and interest. Households met inclusion criteria if at least one member was a patient at AltaMed and the household contained at least one adult and at least one member 5 to 17 years of age.
Unit of analysis: Households
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
626 172
|
550 162
|
539 153
|
449 138
|
|
Overall Study
Wave 1 Attendance
|
308 85
|
285 82
|
286 78
|
203 62
|
|
Overall Study
Wave 2 Attendance
|
123 35
|
84 24
|
129 38
|
78 26
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
123 35
|
84 24
|
129 38
|
78 26
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
503 137
|
466 138
|
410 115
|
371 112
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Use of Behavioral Economics in Repeat SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Antibody Testing in Disadvantaged Communities
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
n=626 Participants
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=550 Participants
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Loss Protection
n=539 Participants
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=449 Participants
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
Total
n=2164 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
25.71 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.92 • n=5 Participants
|
24.44 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.64 • n=7 Participants
|
25.58 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.78 • n=5 Participants
|
26.42 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.61 • n=4 Participants
|
25.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.51 • n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Female
|
373 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
319 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
307 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
266 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1265 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Male
|
249 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
231 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
231 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
179 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
890 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Non binary
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Unknown or Not reported
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
578 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
501 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
481 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
408 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1968 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
38 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
46 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
58 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
38 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
180 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
16 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
45 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
60 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
41 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
38 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
39 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
142 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
32 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
105 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
528 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
470 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
438 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
369 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1805 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
626 participants
n=5 Participants
|
550 participants
n=7 Participants
|
539 participants
n=5 Participants
|
449 participants
n=4 Participants
|
2164 participants
n=21 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: Participants who attended Time 1 antibody testing.
Effectiveness of risk-based messaging and incentives to encourage attendance at Time 2 testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
n=308 Participants
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=285 Participants
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Loss Protection
n=286 Participants
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=203 Participants
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Attendance Rate at Time 2 SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test
|
123 Participants
|
84 Participants
|
129 Participants
|
78 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: This analysis was conducted on heads of households who completed the baseline survey.
Characterize barriers to access, bias, risk attitude and incentive preferences assessed through survey responses
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
n=172 Participants
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=162 Participants
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Personal Risk Messaging: Personal risk framing may engender concern for oneself. Households randomized to personal risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Loss Protection
n=153 Participants
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Loss Protection: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive insurance on winning the baseline incentive for repeat antibody testing.
|
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
n=138 Participants
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Family Risk Messaging: Family risk framing may engender concern for loved ones. It may also make it easier to mentally simulate family burdens with COVID-19 such as knowing how several people in the family becoming sick could adversely affect the lives of everyone in the family. Households randomized to family risk messaging will receive the following message: "Antibody testing will help you understand your family's risk of getting COVID-19."
Lottery Incentive: Household members are offered a baseline incentive with a 90% (9 in 10) chance of $60 and receive a bonus lottery incentive with a 4 small (1 in 25) chance of winning $150 for repeat antibody testing.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Social and Behavioral Determinants of Antibody Testing
Reported the biggest barrier to getting the vaccine is money
|
12 Participants
|
21 Participants
|
17 Participants
|
10 Participants
|
|
Social and Behavioral Determinants of Antibody Testing
Reported the most trusted source of COVID-19 information is their medical provider
|
49 Participants
|
47 Participants
|
41 Participants
|
40 Participants
|
|
Social and Behavioral Determinants of Antibody Testing
Scored <=5 on risk aversion scale of 0-10, with 0 being more risk averse and 10 more risk prone
|
88 Participants
|
75 Participants
|
72 Participants
|
54 Participants
|
Adverse Events
Personal Risk + Loss Protection
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Personal Risk + Lottery Incentive
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Family Risk + Loss Protection
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Family Risk + Lottery Incentive
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place