Trial Outcomes & Findings for Leveraging Social Networks to Increase COVID-19 Testing Uptake (NCT NCT04873401)

NCT ID: NCT04873401

Last Updated: 2025-02-19

Results Overview

Number of participants who agreed to take a COVID-19 rapid test out of those who were enrolled (n=498)

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 498 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: Baseline
• Results posted on: 2025-02-19

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Chain Referral In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Overall Study STARTED	271	227
Overall Study COMPLETED	263	223
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	8	4

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Leveraging Social Networks to Increase COVID-19 Testing Uptake

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Chain Referral n=263 Participants In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=223 Participants In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.	Total n=486 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	254 Participants n=5 Participants	217 Participants n=7 Participants	471 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	9 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=7 Participants	15 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Continuous	48.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.5 • n=5 Participants	46.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 • n=7 Participants	47.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 • n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Male	191 Participants n=5 Participants	166 Participants n=7 Participants	357 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Female	66 Participants n=5 Participants	51 Participants n=7 Participants	117 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Non-binary/other	4 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=7 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Gender · Prefer not to answer	2 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	2 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latinx	196 Participants n=5 Participants	142 Participants n=7 Participants	338 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White (non-Hispanic)	25 Participants n=5 Participants	33 Participants n=7 Participants	58 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black (non-Hispanic)	34 Participants n=5 Participants	38 Participants n=7 Participants	72 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other (non-Hispanic)	7 Participants n=5 Participants	5 Participants n=7 Participants	12 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Unkown	1 Participants n=5 Participants	5 Participants n=7 Participants	6 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	263 Participants n=5 Participants	223 Participants n=7 Participants	486 Participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Number of participants who agreed to take a COVID-19 rapid test out of those who were enrolled (n=498)

Outcome measures

Measure	Chain Referral n=271 Participants In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=227 Participants In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Participants Who Agreed to Take a COVID-19 Rapid Test of Those Enrolled	261 participants who tested	214 participants who tested

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: Among those who took any COVID-19 test

Mean number of COVID-19 rapid tests taken among those who took at least 1 test (n=478)

Outcome measures

Measure	Chain Referral n=261 Participants In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=217 Participants In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Mean Number of COVID-19 Rapid Tests Taken	1.8 mean number of tests taken Standard Deviation 1.75	1.6 mean number of tests taken Standard Deviation 1.35

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: Number of people who were recruited via either CM or CR strategy

Total number of coupons redeemed (Chain referral arm) out of coupons delivered OR total number of people approached in the community via credible messengers (Credible messenger arm) who enrolled in the study

Outcome measures

Measure	Chain Referral n=654 Participants In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=409 Participants In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Uptake of the Recruitment Strategy Into the Community	271 Participants	227 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: The population is greater than those enrolled as this is the total number of people approached in the community. Not all people approached/recruited were enrolled into the study. Nonetheless, determining the difference in recruitment yield was a key part of the study goals.

Number of people reached or approached via coupon (CR) based on number of coupons distributed or via peer/direct contact (CM), who may or may not have enrolled in the study

Outcome measures

Measure	Chain Referral n=624 Participants In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=468 Participants In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Reach of the Recruitment Strategy Into the Community	624 people approached	468 people approached

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Scale developed for study to assed ranked participant perceived acceptability of elements of the recruitment strategy and testing experience

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Sustainment

Number of tests conducted after the Implementation phase

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Sustainment

Scale developed for study to quantitatively assess the number of facilitators and barriers to recruitment and testing

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

Adverse Events

Chain Referral

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 32 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Credible Messenger

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 25 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Measure	Chain Referral n=263 participants at risk In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing; these recruits are then trained to do the same. Chain-referral: In the chain-referral intervention, a discrete number of "seeds" will be recruited from the community partners, trained and incentivized to recruit and refer members of their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. The peer recruiters are paid for each suvcessful and eligible recruit who enrolls to be tested. Those individuals are then themselves trained to recruit peers from their social networks to receive COVID-19 testing. This is repeated over a period of 4-6 months.	Credible Messenger n=223 participants at risk In the credible messenger intervention, peers identified as popular and socially influential individuals within their respective communities with lived experience are trained to engage within formal and informal social networks to promote behavior change. Credible Messenger: In the credible messenger intervention, peers noted to be popular and socially influential individuals with lived experience will be trained to engage within community settings and areas to encourage community members to receive COVID-19 testing at the community partnering agencies. Peers will recruit community members over a period of 4-6 months.
Psychiatric disorders suicidal ideation	12.2% 32/263 • Number of events 32 • Baseline assessment period, up to 2 weeks	11.2% 25/223 • Number of events 25 • Baseline assessment period, up to 2 weeks

Additional Information

Dr. Katherine Elkington

New York State Psychiatric Institute

Phone: 16467746965

Email: ke2143@cumc.columbia.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place