Trial Outcomes & Findings for Gaining Optimism After Weight Loss Surgery (GOALS) I (NCT NCT04867902)

NCT ID: NCT04867902

Last Updated: 2026-02-02

Results Overview

Feasibility will be measured by examining the number of completed intervention sessions. The intervention will be considered feasible if at least 7/10 sessions are completed, on average.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 12 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: 10 weeks
• Results posted on: 2026-02-02

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Overall Study STARTED	12
Overall Study COMPLETED	8
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	4

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Overall Study Lost to Follow-up	1
Overall Study Withdrawal by Subject	2
Overall Study Protocol Violation	1

Baseline Characteristics

Gaining Optimism After Weight Loss Surgery (GOALS) I

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Age, Continuous	45.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.0 • n=13 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	7 Participants n=13 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	5 Participants n=13 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	2 Participants n=13 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	10 Participants n=13 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	2 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	8 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants n=13 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants n=13 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	12 Participants n=13 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 10 weeks

Feasibility will be measured by examining the number of completed intervention sessions. The intervention will be considered feasible if at least 7/10 sessions are completed, on average.

Outcome measures

Measure

Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.

Number of Intervention Sessions Completed

8.5 sessions Standard Deviation 10

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 10 weeks

Acceptability will be measured with ratings of ease and utility after each exercise, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (1=very difficult/not at all helpful, 10=very easy/very helpful). The intervention will be considered acceptable if average ease and utility ratings are at least 7/10.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Ease and Utility of Intervention Sessions Positive psychology ease	8.3 units on a scale (0-10 range) Standard Deviation 1.6
Ease and Utility of Intervention Sessions Positive psychology utility	8.7 units on a scale (0-10 range) Standard Deviation 1.4
Ease and Utility of Intervention Sessions Motivational interviewing ease	8.8 units on a scale (0-10 range) Standard Deviation 1.6
Ease and Utility of Intervention Sessions Motivational interviewing utility	8.7 units on a scale (0-10 range) Standard Deviation 1.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 8 participants provided follow-up data.

We will use ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometers to objectively measure physical activity for 1 week at each assessment. MVPA will be measured in minutes/week.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) Baseline	105.0 minutes/week Standard Deviation 138.5
Change in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) Follow-up	223.4 minutes/week Standard Deviation 352.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 8 participants provided follow-up data.

Measured by Actigraph accelerometer, in number of steps per day.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Steps Baseline	5008.8 steps/day Standard Deviation 6544.9
Change in Steps Follow-up	6544.9 steps/day Standard Deviation 6303.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 8 participants provided follow-up data.

Measured by Actigraph accelerometer, in minutes per week.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Light Physical Activity Baseline	1767.6 minutes/week Standard Deviation 339.0
Change in Light Physical Activity Follow-up	1786.5 minutes/week Standard Deviation 623.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 8 participants provided follow-up data

Measured by Actigraph accelerometer, in minutes per day.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=11 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Sedentary Time Baseline	691.63 minutes/day Standard Deviation 190.11
Change in Sedentary Time Follow-up	743.71 minutes/day Standard Deviation 185.94

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is a well-validated 6-item instrument used to measure dispositional optimism (Range: 0-24). Higher scores indicate higher levels of optimism.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Optimism Baseline	11.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.5
Change in Optimism Follow-up	11.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-depression subscale will be used to measure depression. This is a well-validated scale with few somatic symptom items that can confound mood/anxiety assessment in medically-ill patients (Range: 0-21). Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Depressive Symptoms Baseline	5.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.7
Change in Depressive Symptoms Follow-up	3.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-anxiety subscale will be used to measure anxiety. This is a well-validated scale with few somatic symptom items that can confound mood/anxiety assessment in medically-ill patients (Range: 0-21). Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Anxiety Baseline	7.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.2
Change in Anxiety Follow-up	4.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) is a well-validated, 32-item measure that will be used to assess motivation to change. Higher scores indicate higher motivation to change. Scores range from -2 to 14.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Motivation to Change Baseline	10.39 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.12
Change in Motivation to Change Follow-up	10.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.45

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Exercise Identity Scale (EIS) is a well-validated, 9-item measure that will be used to assess the extent to which exercise contributes to one's role-identity (Range: 9-63). Higher scores indicate stronger exercise identity.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Exercise Identity Baseline	26.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.3
Change in Exercise Identity Follow-up	39.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

Self-efficacy will be measured using the General Self Efficacy scale (GSE), a validated measure of self-efficacy, given its links to improved adherence. Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. Possible scores range from 10-40.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in General Self-Efficacy Baseline	32.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.6
Change in General Self-Efficacy Follow-up	34.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

Exercise-specific self-efficacy will be measured by the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE), a validated scale which assesses self-efficacy for exercise (Range: 0-90). Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Exercise-specific Self-efficacy Baseline	44.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.1
Change in Exercise-specific Self-efficacy Follow-up	55.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Weight Bias Internalization Scale - Modified (WBIS-M) is a well-validated, 11-item measure that will be used to measure internalized weight bias (Range: 11-77). Higher scores indicate greater internalized weight bias.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Internalized Weight Bias Baseline	4.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.6
Change in Internalized Weight Bias Follow-up	3.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

Body image will be assessed using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) Appearance Evaluation subscale. Higher scores indicate better body image and possible scores range from 1-5.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Body Image Baseline	2.42 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.06
Change in Body Image Follow-up	3.26 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.10

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 7 participants provided follow-up data.

The Bariatric Surgery Self-Management Questionnaire (BSSQ) is a validated measure that will be used to assess adherence to diet and vitamin recommendations after bariatric surgery. Higher scores indicate better adherence to diet and vitamin recommendations. Possible scores range from 0-66.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Bariatric Surgery-specific Diet and Vitamin Adherence Baseline	41.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.0
Change in Bariatric Surgery-specific Diet and Vitamin Adherence Follow-up	46.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 8 participants provided follow-up data.

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) - Short Form is a well-validated 7-day physical activity recall assessment for physical activity. Activity will be measured by the number of minutes per day of moderate or greater activity per week.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Self-Reported Physical Activity Follow-up	44.02 minutes/day Standard Deviation 56.01
Change in Self-Reported Physical Activity Baseline	11.25 minutes/day Standard Deviation 13.41

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

Body weight (in pounds) will be measured on a calibrated scale.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Body Weight Baseline	257.95 pounds Standard Deviation 146.65
Change in Body Weight Follow-up	199.83 pounds Standard Deviation 36.04

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

Waist circumference will be measured by a nurse.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Waist Circumference (in Centimeters) Baseline	114.4 cm Standard Deviation 27.5
Change in Waist Circumference (in Centimeters) Follow-up	102.2 cm Standard Deviation 14.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

Blood pressure will be measured by a nurse in mmHG.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure Baseline	116.83 mmHG Standard Deviation 16.03
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure Follow-up	117.83 mmHG Standard Deviation 10.01

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Aerobic Capacity and Endurance Baseline	494.7 meters Standard Deviation 81.1
Change in Aerobic Capacity and Endurance Follow-up	583.2 meters Standard Deviation 62.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

The Social Support and Exercise Survey is a 13-item validated measure that assesses social support for exercising from family and friends over the past 3 months. Scores range from 20 to 200, with higher scores indicating more social support.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Social Support for Exercise Baseline	42.92 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.18
Change in Social Support for Exercise Follow-up	54.33 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.61

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

The Social Support and Eating Habits Survey encouragement subscale is a 5-item validated measure that assesses social support for healthy eating from family and friends over the past 3 months. Scores range from 10 to 80, with higher scores indicating more social support.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Social Support for Eating Habits - Encouragement Subscale Baseline	24.92 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.52
Change in Social Support for Eating Habits - Encouragement Subscale Follow-up	26.17 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.18

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

The measurement of body fat in relation to lean body mass will be measured using bio-electrical impedance.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Body Composition Baseline	40.1 percentage of body fat Standard Deviation 13.3
Change in Body Composition Follow-up	39.1 percentage of body fat Standard Deviation 13.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

Hemoglobin A1C will be measured via blood draw. A higher percentage means higher blood glucose values.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in A1C Baseline	5.19 percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin Standard Deviation 0.38
Change in A1C Follow-up	5.25 percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin Standard Deviation 0.35

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

HDL will be measured via blood draw. Higher levels of HDL in the blood means better absorption and clearing of cholesterol.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Baseline	50.58 mg/dL Standard Deviation 9.18
Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Follow-up	56.33 mg/dL Standard Deviation 11.76

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 10-Week Follow-Up

Population: Only 6 participants provided follow-up data.

C-reactive protein will be measured via blood draw as a measure of inflammation in mg/dL.

Outcome measures

Measure	Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention n=12 Participants Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics. Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Participants will receive a written treatment manual with detailed information about each topic. The intervention consists of 10 weekly phone sessions (30 minutes each). Each session includes a new psychological skill designed to increase positive emotions experienced during physical activity, a motivational skill designed to boost physical activity, and setting a physical activity goal for the next week using information from the Fitbit. A motivational interviewing approach will be used for all topics.
Change in Inflammation Baseline	3.47 mg/dL Standard Deviation 3.33
Change in Inflammation Follow-up	4.17 mg/dL Standard Deviation 3.59

Adverse Events

Positive Psychology-Motivational Interviewing Intervention

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Emily Feig

Massachusetts General Hospital

Phone: 617-724-9140

Email: efeig@mgh.harvard.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place