Trial Outcomes & Findings for Treatment Uptake Chatbot for Eating Disorders (NCT NCT04806165)

Last Updated: 2023-10-11

Results Overview

Treatment utilization was measured at each follow-up time point (2, 6, and 14 weeks), which was assessed via the prompt, "Have you tried or used any type of mental health help (e.g., self-help app, telehealth/in-person counseling, etc.) for your concerns related to your eating, shape, or weight in the past \[2, 6, or 14\] weeks?". We defined a participant as having utilized treatment at the first time they responded, "yes" (vs. "no") to this question. The data presented below indicate the rates of self-reported receipt of treatment/services utilization among participants assigned (component on) or not assigned (component off) to each of the four chatbot components (motivational interviewing, psychoeducation, personalized recommendations, repeated administration), as delineated by each time point during which the aforementioned item was assesed.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

205 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

2, 6, 14 Weeks from Engagement with the Intervention

Results posted on

2023-10-11

Participant Flow

Individuals who completed the NEDA screen and met all eligibility criteria were shown the baseline assessment. Individuals who completed the baseline, were U.S. residents, and endorsed owning a smartphone were shown the consent form. N= 205 individuals provided consent and were randomized to a condition.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Repeated Administration Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Personalized Recommendation Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder.	Core Modules Only Core Modules Only: A discussion with the chatbot, including only the core modules.	Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation Psychoeducation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders.	Psychoeducation, Repeated Administration Psychoeducation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.
Overall Study STARTED	13	12	11	14	13	13	14	13	13	12	13	13	13	13	12	13
Overall Study Completed 2-Week Follow-Up Assessment	10	9	10	12	11	8	10	9	10	10	10	8	10	9	9	11
Overall Study Completed 6-Week Follow-Up Assessment	9	8	9	10	9	7	8	9	9	11	9	8	10	9	9	10
Overall Study Completed 14-Week Follow-Up Assessment	9	10	9	10	10	6	10	9	9	11	10	8	9	8	6	11
Overall Study COMPLETED	13	12	11	14	13	13	14	13	13	12	13	13	13	13	12	13
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Treatment Uptake Chatbot for Eating Disorders

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Personalized Recommendation n=12 Participants Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing n=11 Participants Motivational Interviewing: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder.	Core Modules Only n=14 Participants Core Modules Only: A discussion with the chatbot, including only the core modules.	Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation n=14 Participants Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation n=13 Participants Psychoeducation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders.	Psychoeducation, Repeated Administration n=12 Participants Psychoeducation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation n=13 Participants Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing n=13 Participants Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders and motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation n=13 Participants Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, and identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Psychoeducation, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration n=12 Participants Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration n=13 Participants Psychoeducation, Motivational Interviewing, Personalized Recommendation, Repeated Administration: A discussion with the chatbot, including psychoeducational content to increase knowledge related to eating disorders, motivational interviewing techniques to help overcome barriers to seeking care for their eating disorder, identifying a personalized recommendation for accessing help for their eating disorder, and follow ups over the course of 2 weeks to encourage help seeking for their eating disorder.	Total n=205 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	28.31 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.71 • n=5 Participants	29.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.19 • n=7 Participants	36.27 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.98 • n=5 Participants	38.42 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.32 • n=4 Participants	30.69 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.93 • n=21 Participants	37.69 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.85 • n=10 Participants	29.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.74 • n=115 Participants	29.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.74 • n=6 Participants	40.46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.33 • n=6 Participants	29.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.51 • n=64 Participants	32.42 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.34 • n=17 Participants	39.31 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.06 • n=21 Participants	31.10 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.65 • n=22 Participants	30.38 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.47 • n=8 Participants	32.38 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.12 • n=16 Participants	34.58 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.09 • n=135 Participants	30.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.41 • n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 18-24	6 participants n=5 Participants	2 participants n=7 Participants	2 participants n=5 Participants	3 participants n=4 Participants	5 participants n=21 Participants	3 participants n=10 Participants	3 participants n=115 Participants	4 participants n=6 Participants	5 participants n=6 Participants	3 participants n=64 Participants	2 participants n=17 Participants	4 participants n=21 Participants	6 participants n=22 Participants	4 participants n=8 Participants	4 participants n=16 Participants	5 participants n=135 Participants	61 participants n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 25-34	5 participants n=5 Participants	7 participants n=7 Participants	4 participants n=5 Participants	4 participants n=4 Participants	4 participants n=21 Participants	3 participants n=10 Participants	9 participants n=115 Participants	2 participants n=6 Participants	5 participants n=6 Participants	4 participants n=64 Participants	3 participants n=17 Participants	5 participants n=21 Participants	3 participants n=22 Participants	5 participants n=8 Participants	3 participants n=16 Participants	5 participants n=135 Participants	71 participants n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 35-44	1 participants n=5 Participants	3 participants n=7 Participants	2 participants n=5 Participants	1 participants n=4 Participants	2 participants n=21 Participants	2 participants n=10 Participants	1 participants n=115 Participants	1 participants n=6 Participants	2 participants n=6 Participants	3 participants n=64 Participants	4 participants n=17 Participants	1 participants n=21 Participants	1 participants n=22 Participants	2 participants n=8 Participants	3 participants n=16 Participants	2 participants n=135 Participants	31 participants n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 45-54	1 participants n=5 Participants	0 participants n=7 Participants	2 participants n=5 Participants	3 participants n=4 Participants	2 participants n=21 Participants	4 participants n=10 Participants	1 participants n=115 Participants	3 participants n=6 Participants	1 participants n=6 Participants	0 participants n=64 Participants	2 participants n=17 Participants	3 participants n=21 Participants	3 participants n=22 Participants	1 participants n=8 Participants	1 participants n=16 Participants	0 participants n=135 Participants	27 participants n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 55-64	0 participants n=5 Participants	0 participants n=7 Participants	1 participants n=5 Participants	3 participants n=4 Participants	0 participants n=21 Participants	1 participants n=10 Participants	0 participants n=115 Participants	2 participants n=6 Participants	0 participants n=6 Participants	1 participants n=64 Participants	1 participants n=17 Participants	0 participants n=21 Participants	0 participants n=22 Participants	1 participants n=8 Participants	0 participants n=16 Participants	1 participants n=135 Participants	11 participants n=136 Participants
Age, Customized 65-74	0 participants n=5 Participants	0 participants n=7 Participants	0 participants n=5 Participants	0 participants n=4 Participants	0 participants n=21 Participants	0 participants n=10 Participants	0 participants n=115 Participants	1 participants n=6 Participants	0 participants n=6 Participants	1 participants n=64 Participants	1 participants n=17 Participants	0 participants n=21 Participants	0 participants n=22 Participants	0 participants n=8 Participants	1 participants n=16 Participants	0 participants n=135 Participants	4 participants n=136 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Female	9 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=7 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants	14 Participants n=4 Participants	11 Participants n=21 Participants	12 Participants n=10 Participants	13 Participants n=115 Participants	13 Participants n=6 Participants	11 Participants n=6 Participants	11 Participants n=64 Participants	13 Participants n=17 Participants	11 Participants n=21 Participants	13 Participants n=22 Participants	10 Participants n=8 Participants	10 Participants n=16 Participants	13 Participants n=135 Participants	184 Participants n=136 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Male	3 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	2 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	12 Participants n=136 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Non-binary/third gender	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	1 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	1 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	7 Participants n=136 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Prefer not to say	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	1 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	2 Participants n=136 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	9 Participants n=5 Participants	10 Participants n=7 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants	14 Participants n=4 Participants	12 Participants n=21 Participants	13 Participants n=10 Participants	14 Participants n=115 Participants	13 Participants n=6 Participants	12 Participants n=6 Participants	11 Participants n=64 Participants	13 Participants n=17 Participants	13 Participants n=21 Participants	13 Participants n=22 Participants	11 Participants n=8 Participants	11 Participants n=16 Participants	13 Participants n=135 Participants	192 Participants n=136 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	4 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	2 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	13 Participants n=136 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	3 Participants n=10 Participants	1 Participants n=115 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	2 Participants n=21 Participants	2 Participants n=22 Participants	1 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	1 Participants n=135 Participants	17 Participants n=136 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	12 Participants n=5 Participants	11 Participants n=7 Participants	10 Participants n=5 Participants	14 Participants n=4 Participants	12 Participants n=21 Participants	10 Participants n=10 Participants	13 Participants n=115 Participants	12 Participants n=6 Participants	12 Participants n=6 Participants	12 Participants n=64 Participants	13 Participants n=17 Participants	11 Participants n=21 Participants	11 Participants n=22 Participants	12 Participants n=8 Participants	11 Participants n=16 Participants	12 Participants n=135 Participants	188 Participants n=136 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	0 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	0 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	1 Participants n=10 Participants	1 Participants n=115 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	1 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	2 Participants n=17 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	3 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	2 Participants n=135 Participants	14 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	0 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=10 Participants	1 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	0 Participants n=8 Participants	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=135 Participants	3 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	11 Participants n=5 Participants	9 Participants n=7 Participants	9 Participants n=5 Participants	12 Participants n=4 Participants	11 Participants n=21 Participants	9 Participants n=10 Participants	11 Participants n=115 Participants	9 Participants n=6 Participants	12 Participants n=6 Participants	12 Participants n=64 Participants	11 Participants n=17 Participants	9 Participants n=21 Participants	9 Participants n=22 Participants	11 Participants n=8 Participants	10 Participants n=16 Participants	8 Participants n=135 Participants	163 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	1 Participants n=10 Participants	1 Participants n=115 Participants	3 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	3 Participants n=21 Participants	1 Participants n=22 Participants	1 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	2 Participants n=135 Participants	16 Participants n=136 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants	1 Participants n=21 Participants	2 Participants n=10 Participants	0 Participants n=115 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=6 Participants	0 Participants n=64 Participants	0 Participants n=17 Participants	0 Participants n=21 Participants	0 Participants n=22 Participants	1 Participants n=8 Participants	1 Participants n=16 Participants	1 Participants n=135 Participants	9 Participants n=136 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	13 participants n=5 Participants	12 participants n=7 Participants	11 participants n=5 Participants	14 participants n=4 Participants	13 participants n=21 Participants	13 participants n=10 Participants	14 participants n=115 Participants	13 participants n=6 Participants	13 participants n=6 Participants	12 participants n=64 Participants	13 participants n=17 Participants	13 participants n=21 Participants	13 participants n=22 Participants	13 participants n=8 Participants	12 participants n=16 Participants	13 participants n=135 Participants	205 participants n=136 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2, 6, 14 Weeks from Engagement with the Intervention

Population: All participants who engaged with the intervention and completed the treatment utilization item at each follow up assessment (2, 6, and 14 weeks post intervention) are included. Participants in each of the 16 factorial conditions were sorted based on whether or not each of the four chatbot components were assigned. This method was used in order to understand which combination of components are essential in the design of an optimized chatbot for use in a future randomized controlled trial.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Motivational Interviewing On n=67 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Motivational Interviewing Off n=74 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation On n=73 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation Off n=68 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Instead, these participants received general recommendations for treatment and services.	Psychoeducation On n=70 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Psychoeducation Off n=71 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Repeated Administration On n=71 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group received up to three check-ins from the chatbot over the course of the next 9 days. At the first check-in, which occurred 3 days after the main conversation, the chatbot asked users if they had sought help or used any of the recommended tools/services since they last conversed. If users do not report seeking help and/or utilizing services, they continued to receive check-ins until treatment receipt was provided.	Repeated Administration Off n=70 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group completed the main conversation with the chatbot, which consisted of the introduction, a combination of the motivational interviewing, personalized recommendation, and psychoeducation components (which was determined by which of the 16 conditions participants were randomized to), and the corresponding conclusion. The conversation with the chatbot terminated following the conclusion, and the chatbot did not message users subsequently (unless users reached out to the chatbot first).
Rates of Treatment/Services Utilization for Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening Number of Participants Reporting New Treatment Receipt at 2 Weeks from Baseline	40 Participants	41 Participants	45 Participants	36 Participants	42 Participants	39 Participants	46 Participants	35 Participants
Rates of Treatment/Services Utilization for Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening Number of Participants Reporting New Treatment Receipt at 6 Weeks from Baseline	5 Participants	10 Participants	8 Participants	7 Participants	3 Participants	12 Participants	5 Participants	10 Participants
Rates of Treatment/Services Utilization for Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening Number of Participants Reporting New Treatment Receipt at 14 Weeks from Baseline	6 Participants	9 Participants	6 Participants	9 Participants	8 Participants	7 Participants	8 Participants	7 Participants
Rates of Treatment/Services Utilization for Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening Cumulative Sum of Participants Reporting Treatment Receipt over Study Period	51 Participants	60 Participants	45 Participants	36 Participants	42 Participants	39 Participants	46 Participants	35 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, 2 Weeks, 6 Weeks, 14 Weeks

Population: The analysis population included those individuals who did not report utilizing treatment/services at any of the three follow-up assessments. Treatment utilization was assessed via the item,"Have you tried or used any type of mental health help (e.g., self-help app, telehealth/in-person counseling, etc.) for your concerns related to your eating, shape, or weight in the past past \[2, 6, or 14\] weeks?" Participants who did not respond "yes" to this item were included in this analysis.

Participants' willingness to seek psychotherapy was assessed via an identical item in the baseline assessment (i.e., before the initial chatbot assessment) as well as each off the follow-up assessments delivered at 2, 6, and 14 weeks post-intervention. The item prompted users to rate their willingness to seek in-person or telehealth psychotherapy in subsequent weeks. Responses were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all important/ready) to 7 (very important/ready). Mean values reported below indicate the average Likert scale willingness rating among all participants at each time point who did (component turned on) and did not (component turned off). Statistical analyses outline the time and component effects on changes in mean willingness to seek pyschotherapy from baseline to 14 weeks post-interventioon.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Motivational Interviewing On n=47 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Motivational Interviewing Off n=40 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation On n=40 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation Off n=47 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Instead, these participants received general recommendations for treatment and services.	Psychoeducation On n=44 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Psychoeducation Off n=43 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Repeated Administration On n=39 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group received up to three check-ins from the chatbot over the course of the next 9 days. At the first check-in, which occurred 3 days after the main conversation, the chatbot asked users if they had sought help or used any of the recommended tools/services since they last conversed. If users do not report seeking help and/or utilizing services, they continued to receive check-ins until treatment receipt was provided.	Repeated Administration Off n=48 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group completed the main conversation with the chatbot, which consisted of the introduction, a combination of the motivational interviewing, personalized recommendation, and psychoeducation components (which was determined by which of the 16 conditions participants were randomized to), and the corresponding conclusion. The conversation with the chatbot terminated following the conclusion, and the chatbot did not message users subsequently (unless users reached out to the chatbot first).
Mean Willingness to Seek Psychotherapy Baseline	4.64 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.92	4.23 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.03	4.30 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.88	4.57 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.05	4.30 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.08	4.60 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.87	4.69 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.03	4.25 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.92
Mean Willingness to Seek Psychotherapy 2 Weeks from Baseline	3.88 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.03	3.47 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.90	3.85 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.84	3.60 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.08	3.96 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.88	3.43 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.06	4.71 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.79	3.11 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.83
Mean Willingness to Seek Psychotherapy 14 Weeks from Baseline	3.71 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.98	3.41 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.77	3.11 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.78	4.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.89	3.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.11	3.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.59	3.85 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.72	3.44 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.96
Mean Willingness to Seek Psychotherapy 6 Weeks from Baseline	3.77 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.07	3.56 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.13	4.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.10	3.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.06	3.86 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.19	3.44 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.93	3.93 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.12	3.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.06

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 14 weeks

Population: All participants randomized to the intervention (n=205) were included, with missing data accommodated using maximum likelihood estimation. This study uses a factorial design; participants were randomized to one of 16 conditions, with each condition receiving a different combination of the four chatbot components (motivational interviewing, psychoeducation, personalized recommendations, repeated administration) turned off or on. Data below are presented as such.

Participants' attitudes toward making changes (i.e., motivation toward seeking help) to address their personal eating, shape, and weight concerns were measured via identical items in the baseline assessment, and in each of the 2, 6, and 14 week follow-up assessments. Items included, "How important is it for you to change your eating, shape, or weight concerns?" and, "How ready are you to make changes in your eating, shape, or weight concerns?". Both items were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all important/ready) to 7 (very important/ready), and the sum of the two questions was used as an index of change/motivation attitudes. Values below indicate the average Likert scale attitude rating (from 2 (lowest) to 14 (highest)) among all participants at each time point who did (component turned on) and did not (component turned off) receive each component. Analyses outline the time, component, and time by component interaction effects on changes in motivation attitudes since baseline.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Motivational Interviewing On n=102 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Motivational Interviewing Off n=103 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the motivational interviewing component of the conversation (i.e., the motivational interviewing component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation On n=104 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Personalized Recommendation Off n=101 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the personalized recommendations component of the conversation (i.e., the personalized recommendations component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Instead, these participants received general recommendations for treatment and services.	Psychoeducation On n=102 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Psychoeducation Off n=103 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the psychoeducation component of the conversation (i.e., the psychoeducation component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants).	Repeated Administration On n=102 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that included the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned on during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group received up to three check-ins from the chatbot over the course of the next 9 days. At the first check-in, which occurred 3 days after the main conversation, the chatbot asked users if they had sought help or used any of the recommended tools/services since they last conversed. If users do not report seeking help and/or utilizing services, they continued to receive check-ins until treatment receipt was provided.	Repeated Administration Off n=103 Participants Participants were randomized to a chatbot condition that did not include the repeated administration component of the conversation (i.e., the repeated administration component was turned off during the chatbot conversations of these participants). Participants in this group completed the main conversation with the chatbot, which consisted of the introduction, a combination of the motivational interviewing, personalized recommendation, and psychoeducation components (which was determined by which of the 16 conditions participants were randomized to), and the corresponding conclusion. The conversation with the chatbot terminated following the conclusion, and the chatbot did not message users subsequently (unless users reached out to the chatbot first).
Mean Attitude Toward Change for Concerns Related to Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening Baseline	11.80 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.35	11.05 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.89	11.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.66	11.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.68	11.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.70	11.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.63	11.34 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.76	11.50 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.57
Mean Attitude Toward Change for Concerns Related to Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening 2 Weeks from Baseline	10.73 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.59	10.70 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.95	10.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.65	10.90 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.89	10.31 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.93	11.10 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.57	10.86 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.60	10.57 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.94
Mean Attitude Toward Change for Concerns Related to Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening 6 Weeks from Baseline	10.27 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.91	10.97 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.99	10.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.01	10.64 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.93	10.37 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.09	10.90 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.81	10.89 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.72	10.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.19
Mean Attitude Toward Change for Concerns Related to Eating, Shape, or Weight Concerns Among All Participants Randomized to the Intervention Following Online Eating Disorder Screening 14 Weeks from Baseline	9.87 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.09	10.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.28	10.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.27	9.86 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.10	10.01 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.28	10.32 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.12	10.54 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.02	9.83 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.33

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Ellen E. Fitzsimmons-Craft

Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine

Phone: 314-286-2074

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place