Trial Outcomes & Findings for Impact of Behavioral Economic Strategies on Low-Income Older Adults' Food Choices in Online Retail Settings (NCT NCT04766034)

NCT ID: NCT04766034

Last Updated: 2023-03-09

Results Overview

"Fruits and vegetables" are defined as frozen, fresh, and canned fruits and vegetables without added sugars, fats, oils, or salt.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

7710 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Day 1

Results posted on

2023-03-09

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Control
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
All Enrolled Participants - Aim 2 Survey Phase
For Aim 2, enrolled participants complete a survey prior to randomization. Those who complete the survey and remain eligible move onto Aim 3 - Randomization and Online Shopping.
Aim 2 - Pre-Randomization Survey
STARTED
0
0
0
0
7710
Aim 2 - Pre-Randomization Survey
COMPLETED
0
0
0
0
3838
Aim 2 - Pre-Randomization Survey
NOT COMPLETED
0
0
0
0
3872
Aim 3 - Randomization/Online Shopping
STARTED
922
991
957
968
0
Aim 3 - Randomization/Online Shopping
COMPLETED
649
682
727
686
0
Aim 3 - Randomization/Online Shopping
NOT COMPLETED
273
309
230
282
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure
Control
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
All Enrolled Participants - Aim 2 Survey Phase
For Aim 2, enrolled participants complete a survey prior to randomization. Those who complete the survey and remain eligible move onto Aim 3 - Randomization and Online Shopping.
Aim 2 - Pre-Randomization Survey
Never been enrolled in SNAP and/or live in a household with at least 4 people
0
0
0
0
3752
Aim 2 - Pre-Randomization Survey
Did not finish survey
0
0
0
0
120
Aim 3 - Randomization/Online Shopping
Reused same IP address, and/or finished the survey in under one-third of median completion time
67
86
75
84
0
Aim 3 - Randomization/Online Shopping
Did not finish the shopping task
206
223
155
198
0

Baseline Characteristics

Impact of Behavioral Economic Strategies on Low-Income Older Adults' Food Choices in Online Retail Settings

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Total
n=2744 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
45.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.4 • n=5 Participants
47.2 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.1 • n=7 Participants
47.0 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.3 • n=5 Participants
46.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.1 • n=4 Participants
46.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.0 • n=21 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
344 Participants
n=5 Participants
346 Participants
n=7 Participants
396 Participants
n=5 Participants
361 Participants
n=4 Participants
1447 Participants
n=21 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
305 Participants
n=5 Participants
336 Participants
n=7 Participants
331 Participants
n=5 Participants
325 Participants
n=4 Participants
1297 Participants
n=21 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
63 Participants
n=5 Participants
67 Participants
n=7 Participants
75 Participants
n=5 Participants
64 Participants
n=4 Participants
269 Participants
n=21 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
566 Participants
n=5 Participants
614 Participants
n=7 Participants
602 Participants
n=5 Participants
582 Participants
n=4 Participants
2364 Participants
n=21 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
50 Participants
n=5 Participants
40 Participants
n=4 Participants
111 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
18 Participants
n=7 Participants
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
39 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
16 Participants
n=4 Participants
49 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
516 Participants
n=7 Participants
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
524 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
99 Participants
n=5 Participants
91 Participants
n=7 Participants
93 Participants
n=5 Participants
107 Participants
n=4 Participants
390 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
490 Participants
n=5 Participants
18 Participants
n=7 Participants
562 Participants
n=5 Participants
506 Participants
n=4 Participants
1576 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
16 Participants
n=5 Participants
28 Participants
n=7 Participants
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
7 Participants
n=4 Participants
55 Participants
n=21 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
50 Participants
n=5 Participants
40 Participants
n=4 Participants
111 Participants
n=21 Participants
Region of Enrollment
United States
649 participants
n=5 Participants
682 participants
n=7 Participants
727 participants
n=5 Participants
686 participants
n=4 Participants
2744 participants
n=21 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased fruits and vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on fruits and vegetables.

"Fruits and vegetables" are defined as frozen, fresh, and canned fruits and vegetables without added sugars, fats, oils, or salt.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Fruit and Vegetables Per Basket
11.31 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 12.82
15.27 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 16.08
11.68 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 11.36
14.47 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 14.18

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased eligible fruits, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on eligible fruits.

"Eligible Fruits" are defined as fruit items identified as discounted in the online store.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Eligible Fruits Only
4.28 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 7.14
6.51 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 9.94
4.85 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 6.78
6.12 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 7.91

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased eligible vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on eligible vegetables.

"Eligible Vegetables" are defined as vegetable items identified as discounted in the online store.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Eligible Vegetables Only
7.03 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 9.34
8.76 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 11.04
6.84 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 7.93
8.34 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 9.94

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased eligible fresh fruits and vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on eligible fresh fruits and vegetables.

"Eligible Fresh Fruits and Vegetables" are defined as fresh, not frozen or canned, fruit and vegetables items identified as discounted in the online store.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Eligible Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
9.61 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 11.83
12.94 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 14.56
10.49 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 10.67
12.48 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 12.51

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased eligible frozen fruits and vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on eligible frozen fruits and vegetables.

"Eligible Frozen Fruits and Vegetables" are defined as frozen fruit and vegetables items identified as discounted in the online store.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Eligible Frozen Fruits and Vegetables
1.48 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 4.01
2.07 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 5.49
1.05 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 3.23
1.83 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 5.38

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased eligible canned fruits and vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still purchase $0 or 0% of their total dollars on eligible canned fruits and vegetables.

"Eligible Canned Fruits and Vegetables" are defined as canned fruit and vegetables items identified as discounted in the online store.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Real Dollars Spent on Eligible Canned Fruits and Vegetables
0.22 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 0.92
0.27 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 1.20
0.13 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 0.65
0.16 US Dollars ($)
Standard Deviation 0.75

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Population: Not all participants analyzed purchased fruits and vegetables, as quantified in SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE RESULTS #8. However, all participants contributed data to this outcome as they could still contribute "0" calories from fruits and vegetables in their basket.

"Fruits and vegetables" are defined as frozen, fresh, and canned fruits and vegetables without added sugars, fats, oils, or salt.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Total Calories From Fruits and Vegetables Per Basket
1298.1 Kcal
Standard Deviation 1595.0
1526.2 Kcal
Standard Deviation 1641.3
1496.8 Kcal
Standard Deviation 1472.8
1690.5 Kcal
Standard Deviation 1572.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

Participants who purchased fruits and/or vegetables during their online shopping trip.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=649 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=682 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Number of Participants Who Purchased Fruits and/or Vegetables
550 Participants
612 Participants
714 Participants
678 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Day 1

"Healthy Bundle Default Shopping Cart Items" are defined as items placed automatically in participants' carts at the beginning of the shopping exercise. Assessed among participants in the Bundles (Arm 3) and Bundles + Discount (Arm 4) arms only.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Control
n=727 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will not include any discounts or bundles Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Discount
n=686 Participants
The grocery shopping simulation will include discount on eligible fruits and vegetables Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults with no discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Bundles and Discount
The grocery shopping simulation will include healthy bundle defaults plus a discount Simulated Grocery Shopping Exercise: Participants will click a link and simulate a shopping experience by selecting a week's worth of SNAP-eligible groceries for their household in a web-based supermarket platform
Number of Participants Who Kept Healthy Bundle Default Shopping Cart Items in Basket at Purchase
679 Participants
655 Participants

Adverse Events

Control

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Discount

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Bundles

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Bundles and Discount

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Pasquale Rummo, MPH, PhD

NYU Langone Health

Phone: 914-316-5907

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place