Trial Outcomes & Findings for Computer - Controlled Intraligamentary Local Anaesthesia In Extraction of Primary Molars (NCT NCT04739735)
NCT ID: NCT04739735
Last Updated: 2022-01-10
Results Overview
Heart Rate will be measured using a pulse oximeter placed on child's index finger. Readings will be recorded at 2-minute intervals and the mean heart rate measurement will be calculated.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
50 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
mean measurement when the child is seated on the dental chair until right before the injection at 2 minute intervals. time frame was approximately Minute 0 - 2
Results posted on
2022-01-10
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Anesthesia (CC-ILA)
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
25
|
25
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
25
|
25
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Total
n=50 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Customized
|
6.20 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.71 • n=25 Participants
|
6.00 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.82 • n=25 Participants
|
6.10 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.76 • n=50 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
14 Participants
n=25 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=25 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
11 Participants
n=25 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=25 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
|
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
|
—
|
—
|
0 Participants
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Egypt
|
25 participants
n=25 Participants
|
25 participants
n=25 Participants
|
50 participants
n=50 Participants
|
|
tooth location
First primary molar
|
15 teeth
n=25 Participants
|
15 teeth
n=25 Participants
|
30 teeth
n=50 Participants
|
|
tooth location
Second primary molar
|
10 teeth
n=25 Participants
|
10 teeth
n=25 Participants
|
20 teeth
n=50 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: mean measurement when the child is seated on the dental chair until right before the injection at 2 minute intervals. time frame was approximately Minute 0 - 2Heart Rate will be measured using a pulse oximeter placed on child's index finger. Readings will be recorded at 2-minute intervals and the mean heart rate measurement will be calculated.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Baseline Heart Rate
|
99.92 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 12.67
|
98.80 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 15.30
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: starting from needle puncture till full local anaesthetic solution delivery. Time frame is approximately minute 2 - 4.Heart Rate will be measured using a pulse oximeter placed on child's index finger. Readings will be recorded at 2-minute intervals and the mean heart rate measurement will be calculated.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Heart Rate Measurement in Local Anaesthetic Administration
|
104.64 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 12.04
|
113.48 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 16.66
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: patient was allowed to rest for approximately 5 minutes after the injection then extraction was started. Time frame is approximately minute 9 -10Heart Rate will be measured using a pulse oximeter placed on child's index finger. Readings will be recorded at 2-minute intervals and the mean heart rate measurement will be calculated.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Heart Rate Measurement in Extraction
|
107.68 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 14.33
|
114.44 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 19.57
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: approximately minute 2 - 4Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) Scale, comprises the following parameters: (1) Sound, (2) Eye, (3) Motor. For each child, the sounds, eye symptoms and body movements will be evaluated independently by a blind impartial observer using the recorded video tapes. The slightest manifestation of the sound, eyes, or motion of the patient is graded in four levels: comfort, mild, moderate, and severe discomfort, and subsequently given grades 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. SEM score will be calculated by summing the three grades of the parameters.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
SEM Scale in Local Anaesthetic Administration
|
3 score on a scale
Interval 3.0 to 4.0
|
9 score on a scale
Interval 5.0 to 9.0
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: approximately minute 9 - 10Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) Scale, comprises the following parameters: (1) Sound, (2) Eye, (3) Motor. For each child, the sounds, eye symptoms and body movements will be evaluated independently by a blind impartial observer using the recorded video tapes. The slightest manifestation of the sound, eyes, or motion of the patient is graded in four levels: comfort, mild, moderate, and severe discomfort, and subsequently given grades 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. SEM score will be calculated by summing the three grades of the parameters.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
SEM Scale in Extraction
|
4 score
Interval 3.0 to 8.0
|
7 score
Interval 5.0 to 11.0
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: approximately minute 2 - 4A modified face scale from the Maunuksela et al scale will be used to subjectively record pain during LA injection and extraction. It consists of three schematic faces with different facial expressions for happy and sad faces representing: (A) satisfaction; (B) indifference; and (C) dissatisfaction, respectively.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Local Anaesthetic Administration
happy
|
22 participants
|
14 participants
|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Local Anaesthetic Administration
indifferent
|
2 participants
|
0 participants
|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Local Anaesthetic Administration
sad
|
1 participants
|
11 participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: approximately minute 9 - 10A modified face scale from the Maunuksela et al scale will be used to subjectively record pain during LA injection and extraction. It consists of three schematic faces with different facial expressions for happy and sad faces representing: (A) satisfaction; (B) indifference; and (C) dissatisfaction, respectively.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Extraction
happy
|
21 participants
|
13 participants
|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Extraction
indifferent
|
2 participants
|
0 participants
|
|
Face Pain Rating Scale in Extraction
sad
|
2 participants
|
12 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: after 24 hoursParents will be recalled after 24 hours following extraction during follow-up phone calls. Recovery parameter questions will be asked to ascertain the occurrence of lip and cheek biting, post-operative pain, or any adverse events.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 Participants
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 Participants
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Assessment of Occurrence of Adverse Events
Lip biting after 24 hours
|
0 participants
|
8 participants
|
|
Assessment of Occurrence of Adverse Events
Post operative pain after 24 hours
|
5 participants
|
10 participants
|
Adverse Events
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 8 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
| Measure |
Computer Controlled -Intraligamentary Aaanesthesia (CC-ILA)
n=25 participants at risk
CC-ILA will be administered using the Wand-STA system according to the manufacturer instructions, It works with standardised 1.8 mL local anaesthetic carpules. The distalingual and mesiolingual line angles are the most effective for multi-rooted mandibular teeth.
Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine will be injected for each root as shown on a special indicator.The dentist will wait 5 seconds before needle withdrawal. Same steps will be repeated at the mesiolingual line angle.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
Conventional Injection of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
n=25 participants at risk
* In the control group, a standard technique for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) will be used supplemented with long buccal infiltration for the buccal gingiva.
* A 27-gauge disposable dental needle will be used to inject Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The needle will be directed between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch, entering the tissues at the level of the occlusal plane or slightly lower until bony resistance is met.
Approximately 1.0 mL of LA will be delivered near the inferior alveolar nerve. Two-thirds the needle length should be inserted. The needle is withdrawn, then 0.5 ml as a long buccal infiltration distal to the second primary molar is administered.
Dental Local Anaesthesia: lower primary molar teeth indicated for extraction will be given a local anaesthetic injection according to the random allocation to one of the two arms mentioned previously
|
|---|---|---|
|
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
lip/cheek biting
|
0.00%
0/25 • 4 months
The present study aims to assess the children's behavioural experience while performing a routine dental procedure. There is no risk in any of the clinical interventions. Furthermore, the participants randomly selected should meet the eligibility criteria which includes a completely normal healthy patient with score ASA I in the American Society of Anesthesiologists scale.
|
32.0%
8/25 • Number of events 8 • 4 months
The present study aims to assess the children's behavioural experience while performing a routine dental procedure. There is no risk in any of the clinical interventions. Furthermore, the participants randomly selected should meet the eligibility criteria which includes a completely normal healthy patient with score ASA I in the American Society of Anesthesiologists scale.
|
Additional Information
Dr. Rodaina Helmy
Faculty of dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt
Phone: 00201100001193
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place