Trial Outcomes & Findings for Emails Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers (NCT NCT04728594)

NCT ID: NCT04728594

Last Updated: 2021-07-26

Results Overview

Binary variable of a scheduled vaccination appointment 3 days after the emails were sent

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 9566 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: 3 days
• Results posted on: 2021-07-26

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Delayed Contact This group will not receive an email for at least two days.	Social Proof This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior. Social Proof: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination. Reframing: Email Scarcity Message: Email
Overall Study STARTED	3178	3198	3190
Overall Study COMPLETED	3178	3198	3190
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Data was not collected.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Delayed Contact n=3178 Participants This group will not receive an email for at least two days.	Social Proof n=3198 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior. Social Proof: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions n=3190 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination. Reframing: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Total n=9566 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	—	—	—	0 Participants Data was not collected.
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	—	—	—	0 Participants Data was not collected.
Age, Categorical >=65 years	—	—	—	0 Participants Data was not collected.
Sex: Female, Male Female	—	—	—	0 Participants Data was not collected.
Sex: Female, Male Male	—	—	—	0 Participants Data was not collected.
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected	—	—	—	0 Participants Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Region of Enrollment United States	3178 participants n=3178 Participants	3198 participants n=3198 Participants	3190 participants n=3190 Participants	9566 participants n=9566 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 days

Binary variable of a scheduled vaccination appointment 3 days after the emails were sent

Outcome measures

Measure	Delayed Contact n=3178 Participants This group will not receive an email for at least two days.	Social Proof n=3198 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior. Social Proof: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions n=3190 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination. Reframing: Email Scarcity Message: Email
Number of Employees Who Scheduled Vaccination Appointments After 3 Days	101 Participants	207 Participants	220 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 days

Binary variable indicating whether the employee opened the email 3 days after the emails were sent

Outcome measures

Measure	Delayed Contact n=3198 Participants This group will not receive an email for at least two days.	Social Proof n=3190 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior. Social Proof: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination. Reframing: Email Scarcity Message: Email
Number of Employees Who Opened Emails After 3 Days	1481 Participants	1398 Participants	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 3 days

Binary variable indicating whether the employee clicked the link to schedule a vaccination appointment 3 days after the emails were sent

Outcome measures

Measure	Delayed Contact n=3198 Participants This group will not receive an email for at least two days.	Social Proof n=3190 Participants This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior. Social Proof: Email Scarcity Message: Email	Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions This group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination. Reframing: Email Scarcity Message: Email
Number of Employees Who Clicked Scheduling Links After 3 Days	562 Participants	382 Participants	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 4 days

Binary variable of a scheduled vaccination appointment up to the end of January 19, when new distribution policies were enacted.

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 4 days

Binary variable indicating whether the employee opened the email up to the end of January 19, when new distribution policies were enacted.

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 4 days

Binary variable indicating whether the employee clicked the link to schedule a vaccination appointment up to the end of January 19, when new distribution policies were enacted.

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

Adverse Events

Delayed Contact

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Social Proof

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Amir Goren, PhD

Geisinger Clinic

Phone: 5702144395

Email: agoren@geisinger.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place