Embolization of Middle Meningeal Artery in Chronic Subdural Hematoma
NCT ID: NCT04511572
Last Updated: 2024-07-31
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
RECRUITING
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
170 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2020-12-10
Study Completion Date
2025-10-01
Brief Summary
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Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common neurological affliction which affects mostly frail and elderly patients. Surgical evacuation by using burr hole craniostomy (BHC) is the most frequently used treatment but carries a recurrence rate varying between 10-30% in the literature. Especially in this frail population re-operation is undesirable. Embolization of the middle meningeal artery is an adjuvant treatment which has been reported in multiple case reports and larger case series, showing a beneficial effect on recurrence rate, reducing it to \<5%, without complications.
Objectives: Primary: To evaluate whether additional embolization of the middle meningeal artery after surgery for cSDH reduces the recurrent surgery rate. Secondary: to evaluate whether the use of middle meningeal artery embolization after surgical treatment in symptomatic cSDH patients increases quality of life (SF-36 and the EQ-5D-5L), performance in activities of daily living (AMC Linear Disability Score), functional outcome (mRS), cognitive functioning (MOCA) and reduces mortality, occurrence of complications, recurrence rate, size and volume of the hematoma, neurological impairment (mNIHSS, Markwalder score) and the use of care and health-related costs (iMCQ and iPCQ).
Study design: Multicenter, randomized controlled open-label superiority trial. Study population: Patients diagnosed with a cSDH who require surgery. Intervention: The intervention group will receive embolization in addition to standard surgical treatment. The control group will receive surgery only.
Main study endpoint: The number of patients who require reoperation within 24 weeks after the intervention.
Symptomatic cSDH patients will undergo peri-operative embolization of the middle meningeal artery until 72 hours after surgical treatment. Complications are monitored during hospital admission and follow-up. Radiological and clinical follow-up is at eight, 16 and 24 weeks post-intervention with a CT-scan of the head and assessment of mRS, MOCA, mNIHSS, Markwalder score, SF-36, EQ-5D-5L, ALDS, iMCQ and iPCQ. Standard care after surgery entails outpatient follow-up with on average two CT-scans, indicated by clinical signs and symptoms.
Objectives: Primary: To evaluate whether additional embolization of the middle meningeal artery after surgery for cSDH reduces the recurrent surgery rate. Secondary: to evaluate whether the use of middle meningeal artery embolization after surgical treatment in symptomatic cSDH patients increases quality of life (SF-36 and the EQ-5D-5L), performance in activities of daily living (AMC Linear Disability Score), functional outcome (mRS), cognitive functioning (MOCA) and reduces mortality, occurrence of complications, recurrence rate, size and volume of the hematoma, neurological impairment (mNIHSS, Markwalder score) and the use of care and health-related costs (iMCQ and iPCQ).
Study design: Multicenter, randomized controlled open-label superiority trial. Study population: Patients diagnosed with a cSDH who require surgery. Intervention: The intervention group will receive embolization in addition to standard surgical treatment. The control group will receive surgery only.
Main study endpoint: The number of patients who require reoperation within 24 weeks after the intervention.
Symptomatic cSDH patients will undergo peri-operative embolization of the middle meningeal artery until 72 hours after surgical treatment. Complications are monitored during hospital admission and follow-up. Radiological and clinical follow-up is at eight, 16 and 24 weeks post-intervention with a CT-scan of the head and assessment of mRS, MOCA, mNIHSS, Markwalder score, SF-36, EQ-5D-5L, ALDS, iMCQ and iPCQ. Standard care after surgery entails outpatient follow-up with on average two CT-scans, indicated by clinical signs and symptoms.
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Detailed Description
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Chronic subdural hematoma A chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a bleeding of the bridging veins between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
Subdural hematomas are one of the most common forms of hemorrhage affecting mostly elderly people. The estimated incidence in Western countries is 8.1 per 100,000 per year in patients aged 65 years or older, but increases to 58/100,000/year for those aged 70 years or older. With the elderly population growing, the incidence of cSDH is expected to double by 2030. CSDH presents itself as an heterogeneous disease with various symptoms. Most common are gait disturbances, focal deficits, headaches and hemiparesis. Risk factors for occurrence are chronic alcoholism, male gender and anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. CSDH is a challenging disease of which the pathophysiology is not completely clear. Even though cSDH initially arises due to tearing of the bridging veins, its chronicity likely has an arterial origin. At first a subdural hematoma forms after a (minor) head trauma. The hematoma persists due to failure of the reparative and absorbing mechanisms. The current hypothesis states that the inability of the human body to heal the hematoma is due to increased neovascularization in the subdural membrane of the hematoma. This leads to repeated micro hemorrhages and further increase in fibrinolytic activity, which makes the body unable to stop recurrent microbleeds. Repeated micro hemorrhages are caused by collateral blood vessels originating from the middle meningeal artery. The correlation between the cycle of re-bleeding and fibrinolysis, and reabsorption of the subdural collection will determine whether the cSDH will resolve, persist or enlarge.
Treatment options The first treatment option for mildly symptomatic cSDH is a conservative 'wait-and-scan' approach in which the patient is followed with CT-scans and outpatient clinic visits. The majority (75%) of these conservatively managed patients however, eventually still require surgery (own data). Medical treatment is a second non-surgical treatment option currently being studied in large RCTs, for instance with steroids (dexamethasone), mannitol, tranexamic acid (TORCH-study), statins and ACE-inhibitors.
Surgical treatment is most frequently used in symptomatic patients with a cSDH as surgery provides instant decompression of the brain and rapid relief of (life-threatening) symptoms. However, surgery is costly and in these often frail patients with multi-morbidity, surgery comes with significant risks for future cognitive functioning and therefore loss of independence. Furthermore, recurrence rates after surgery range from 9-30%, resulting in frequent re-operations. Therefore, the optimal treatment for cSDH remains a 'burning clinical question' for which neurologists and neurosurgeons do not have evidence-based answers. Multiple studies have described successful treatment with embolization of the middle meningeal artery as an adjunct to surgical evacuation. The goal of embolization is to devascularize the subdural membranes to a sufficient extent such that the balance is shifted from the continued rebleeding and accumulation of blood products towards reabsorption of the subdural effusion. The use of embolization in cSDH patients was first reported in 2000, and since then multiple case reports, case series and cohort studies have been published investigating the safety and effectiveness. The largest cohort study compared 72 patients with embolization (as sole treatment or with surgical treatment combined) to 469 (retrospectively) non-surgical treated patients. In this study no complications were reported and only one patient needed repeat surgery. A relatively large case series of 60 patients was reported, again with no complications and a success rate of 92% (patients who were able to avoid surgery). Recent systematic reviews on middle meningeal artery embolization highlight the lower recurrence and complication rate in all embolization cases (\<5% and 0%, respectively). Nevertheless, these results are based on non-randomized studies with moderate quality and a small sample size. The effect of embolization as an adjunct to surgical evacuation has never been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.
In conclusion, although surgery is still the primary treatment option for the majority of patients with cSDH, it carries a significant risk of additional morbidity and mortality and has a relatively high risk of treatment failure. In the aging population, comorbidities are more frequent and the risk of peri-operative complications is acknowledged, limiting a favorable clinical outcome. Middle meningeal artery embolization appears to be a promising adjunct therapy to surgery, which might reduce the necessity for repeat surgical treatment and improve clinical outcome is this vulnerable patient group.
Subdural hematomas are one of the most common forms of hemorrhage affecting mostly elderly people. The estimated incidence in Western countries is 8.1 per 100,000 per year in patients aged 65 years or older, but increases to 58/100,000/year for those aged 70 years or older. With the elderly population growing, the incidence of cSDH is expected to double by 2030. CSDH presents itself as an heterogeneous disease with various symptoms. Most common are gait disturbances, focal deficits, headaches and hemiparesis. Risk factors for occurrence are chronic alcoholism, male gender and anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. CSDH is a challenging disease of which the pathophysiology is not completely clear. Even though cSDH initially arises due to tearing of the bridging veins, its chronicity likely has an arterial origin. At first a subdural hematoma forms after a (minor) head trauma. The hematoma persists due to failure of the reparative and absorbing mechanisms. The current hypothesis states that the inability of the human body to heal the hematoma is due to increased neovascularization in the subdural membrane of the hematoma. This leads to repeated micro hemorrhages and further increase in fibrinolytic activity, which makes the body unable to stop recurrent microbleeds. Repeated micro hemorrhages are caused by collateral blood vessels originating from the middle meningeal artery. The correlation between the cycle of re-bleeding and fibrinolysis, and reabsorption of the subdural collection will determine whether the cSDH will resolve, persist or enlarge.
Treatment options The first treatment option for mildly symptomatic cSDH is a conservative 'wait-and-scan' approach in which the patient is followed with CT-scans and outpatient clinic visits. The majority (75%) of these conservatively managed patients however, eventually still require surgery (own data). Medical treatment is a second non-surgical treatment option currently being studied in large RCTs, for instance with steroids (dexamethasone), mannitol, tranexamic acid (TORCH-study), statins and ACE-inhibitors.
Surgical treatment is most frequently used in symptomatic patients with a cSDH as surgery provides instant decompression of the brain and rapid relief of (life-threatening) symptoms. However, surgery is costly and in these often frail patients with multi-morbidity, surgery comes with significant risks for future cognitive functioning and therefore loss of independence. Furthermore, recurrence rates after surgery range from 9-30%, resulting in frequent re-operations. Therefore, the optimal treatment for cSDH remains a 'burning clinical question' for which neurologists and neurosurgeons do not have evidence-based answers. Multiple studies have described successful treatment with embolization of the middle meningeal artery as an adjunct to surgical evacuation. The goal of embolization is to devascularize the subdural membranes to a sufficient extent such that the balance is shifted from the continued rebleeding and accumulation of blood products towards reabsorption of the subdural effusion. The use of embolization in cSDH patients was first reported in 2000, and since then multiple case reports, case series and cohort studies have been published investigating the safety and effectiveness. The largest cohort study compared 72 patients with embolization (as sole treatment or with surgical treatment combined) to 469 (retrospectively) non-surgical treated patients. In this study no complications were reported and only one patient needed repeat surgery. A relatively large case series of 60 patients was reported, again with no complications and a success rate of 92% (patients who were able to avoid surgery). Recent systematic reviews on middle meningeal artery embolization highlight the lower recurrence and complication rate in all embolization cases (\<5% and 0%, respectively). Nevertheless, these results are based on non-randomized studies with moderate quality and a small sample size. The effect of embolization as an adjunct to surgical evacuation has never been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.
In conclusion, although surgery is still the primary treatment option for the majority of patients with cSDH, it carries a significant risk of additional morbidity and mortality and has a relatively high risk of treatment failure. In the aging population, comorbidities are more frequent and the risk of peri-operative complications is acknowledged, limiting a favorable clinical outcome. Middle meningeal artery embolization appears to be a promising adjunct therapy to surgery, which might reduce the necessity for repeat surgical treatment and improve clinical outcome is this vulnerable patient group.
Conditions
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Chronic Subdural Hematomas
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Study Groups
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Standard Care: burr hole surgery
Patients who have had burr hole evacuation for symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas will be followed in the outpatient clinic after hospital discharge at 8, 16 and 24 weeks with a follow-up CT-scan of the head in addition to assessment of mRS, MOCA, mNIHSS, Markwalder score, SF-36, EQ-5D-5L, ALDS, iMCQ and iPCQ.
Group Type
NO_INTERVENTION
No interventions assigned to this group
embolisation middle meningeal artery
Besides standard treatment those patient who are allotted to the intervention group will receive embolization of the middle meningeal artery until 72 hours after burr hole evacuation. After hospital discharge follow-up is at 8, 16 and 24 weeks with a follow-up CT-scan of the head in addition to assessment of mRS, MOCA, mNIHSS, Markwalder score, SF-36, EQ-5D-5L, ALDS, iMCQ and iPCQ.
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
embolization of the middle meningeal artery
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
The embolization procedure will be as follows: first femoral artery access will be obtained by using a 5 French micropuncture kit and common carotid and external carotid angiography is performed using a standard 5 French diagnostic catheter. A microcatheter is then advanced selectively under roadmap guidance into the middle meningeal artery (MMA), and MMA angiography is performed to evaluate for potential dangerous anastomoses such as the orbital branch to the ophthalmic artery. Embolization is performed using polyvinyl alcohol particles (100 microns in diameter) under blank fluoroscopic roadmap while carefully avoiding reflux. Particles are infused until lack of anterograde flow into the MMA branches is demonstrated on angiography, and the catheters are removed \[31\]. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia.
Interventions
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embolization of the middle meningeal artery
The embolization procedure will be as follows: first femoral artery access will be obtained by using a 5 French micropuncture kit and common carotid and external carotid angiography is performed using a standard 5 French diagnostic catheter. A microcatheter is then advanced selectively under roadmap guidance into the middle meningeal artery (MMA), and MMA angiography is performed to evaluate for potential dangerous anastomoses such as the orbital branch to the ophthalmic artery. Embolization is performed using polyvinyl alcohol particles (100 microns in diameter) under blank fluoroscopic roadmap while carefully avoiding reflux. Particles are infused until lack of anterograde flow into the MMA branches is demonstrated on angiography, and the catheters are removed \[31\]. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia.
Intervention Type
PROCEDURE
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* · CT-confirmed diagnosis of chronic Subdural Hematoma;
* Primary surgical treatment based on clinical symptoms (progressive neurological deficits).
* Primary surgical treatment based on clinical symptoms (progressive neurological deficits).
Exclusion Criteria
* · Significant contraindication to angiography (eg. allergy for contrast);
* Structural causes for subdural hemorrhage, e.g. arachnoid cysts, cortical vascular malformations and a history of cranial surgery in the previous 365 days;
* Inability to obtain informed consent from the patient or legal representative (when the patient has a depressed level of consciousness), including language barrier;
* Monocular blindness on contralateral side of the hematoma;
* Structural causes for subdural hemorrhage, e.g. arachnoid cysts, cortical vascular malformations and a history of cranial surgery in the previous 365 days;
* Inability to obtain informed consent from the patient or legal representative (when the patient has a depressed level of consciousness), including language barrier;
* Monocular blindness on contralateral side of the hematoma;
Minimum Eligible Age
50 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
90 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Prof. dr. W.Peter Vandertop
chair Neurosurgery
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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William P. Vandertop, MD PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers
Locations
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Amsterdam university medical Centers
Amsterdam, , Netherlands
Site Status
RECRUITING
Countries
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Netherlands
Central Contacts
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References
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M Versteegh M, M Vermeulen K, M A A Evers S, de Wit GA, Prenger R, A Stolk E. Dutch Tariff for the Five-Level Version of EQ-5D. Value Health. 2016 Jun;19(4):343-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2016.01.003. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
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Dawkins AA, Evans AL, Wattam J, Romanowski CA, Connolly DJ, Hodgson TJ, Coley SC. Complications of cerebral angiography: a prospective analysis of 2,924 consecutive procedures. Neuroradiology. 2007 Sep;49(9):753-9. doi: 10.1007/s00234-007-0252-y. Epub 2007 Jun 27.
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Fifi JT, Meyers PM, Lavine SD, Cox V, Silverberg L, Mangla S, Pile-Spellman J. Complications of modern diagnostic cerebral angiography in an academic medical center. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Apr;20(4):442-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.01.012. Epub 2009 Feb 26.
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Kaufmann TJ, Huston J 3rd, Mandrekar JN, Schleck CD, Thielen KR, Kallmes DF. Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography: evaluation of 19,826 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007 Jun;243(3):812-9. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2433060536.
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Link TW, Rapoport BI, Paine SM, Kamel H, Knopman J. Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: Endovascular technique and radiographic findings. Interv Neuroradiol. 2018 Aug;24(4):455-462. doi: 10.1177/1591019918769336. Epub 2018 May 2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Related Links
Access external resources that provide additional context or updates about the study.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03956368?cond=Chronic+Subdural+Hematoma&draw=2&rank=5.
Efficacy of Atorvastatin in Chronic Subdural Haematoma (REACH).
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03582293?cond=Chronic+Subdural+Hematoma&draw=2&rank=30.
Tranexamic Acid to Prevent OpeRation in Chronic Subdural Hematoma
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03353259?cond=Chronic+Subdural+Hematoma&draw=2&rank=17.
Tocilizumab (RoActemra) and Tranexamic Acid (Cyklokapron) Used as Adjuncts to Chronic Subdural Hematoma Surgery.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03280212?cond=Chronic+Subdural+Hematoma&draw=2&rank=4.
Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Residual Chronic Subdural Hematoma (TRACE).
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02650609?cond=Chronic+Subdural+Hematoma&draw=2&rank=1.
Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma by Corticosteroids (SUCRE)
https://english.zorginstituutnederland.nl/about-us/working-methods-and-procedures/guideline-for-economic-evaluations-in-healthcare
Guideline for economic evaluations in healthcare
https://english.ccmo.nl/investigators/legal-framework-for-medical-scientific-research/codes-of-conduct/code-of-conduct-for-health-research
Code of Conduct for Medical Research
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
AMC Eliminate
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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