Imaging vs. no Testing in Asymptomatic High-risk Diabetic Patients

NCT ID: NCT04388280

Last Updated: 2021-08-18

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

UNKNOWN

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

400 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2021-01-28

Study Completion Date

2023-12-31

Brief Summary

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The aim of our study was to evaluate 1- and 3-year outcome of alternative imaging strategies in asymptomatic high-risk diabetic patients: functional stress echocardiography combined with coronary flow reserve (CFR) and strain imaging, or computed tomography (CT) angiography with direct visualization of coronary arteries, and no testing at all.

Detailed Description

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A meta-analysis of \>100 prospective studies, showed that diabetes mellitus (DM) in general carries a two-fold excess risk of vascular outcomes (coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and vascular deaths), independent of other risk factors (1). Although type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is far more common than type 1 DM, these results confirm adverse prognosis in both populations, which is particularly severe in the young in general and young onset female individuals with type 1 DM, emphasizing the need for intensive risk-factor management in these groups.

According to new 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) / European Association for the study of diabetes (EASD) guidelines for diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (2) individuals with DM and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), or DM with target organ damage, such as proteinuria or renal failure (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<30 mL/min/1.73 m2), are at very high risk (10-year risk of CVD death \>10%). Patients with DM with three or more major risk factors, or with a DM duration of \>20 years, are also at very high risk. Type 1 DM at the age of 40 years with early onset (i.e. 1-10 years of age) and particularly female are associated with very high CV risk (2). Most others with DM are high risk, 10 year risk of cardiovascular diseases death (CVD) 5-10%, with the exception of young patients (aged \<35 years) with type 1 DM of short duration (\<10 years), and patients with type 2 DM aged \<50 years with a DM duration of \<10 years and without major risk factors, who are at moderate risk.

Screening for asymptomatic CAD in patients with DM remains controversial. According to current guidelines only resting ECG is recommended in patients with suspected CVD, whereas computed tomography (CT) angiography or functional imaging (radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, or physical or pharmacological stress echocardiography) may be considered (class IIb) in asymptomatic patients with DM for screening of coronary artery disease (CAD) (2). With CT, non-invasive estimation of the atherosclerotic burden (based on the coronary artery calcium score) and identification of atherosclerotic plaques causing significant coronary stenosis (CT angiography) can be performed. Patients with DM have a higher prevalence of coronary artery calcification compared with age- and sex-matched subjects without DM (3). While a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score of 0 is associated with favorable prognosis in asymptomatic subjects with DM, each increment in CAC score (from 1 - 99 to 100 - 399 and ≥400) is associated with a 25 - 33% higher relative risk of mortality (3). Importantly, CAC is not always associated with ischemia. Therefore, coronary artery calcium score may be considered as risk modifier in CV assessment in asymptomatic patients with moderate risk (2).

Stress testing with myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography allows the detection of myocardial ischemia, particularly silent form which is more prevalent in patients with DM as demonstrated by observational studies (22%) (4-6). Randomized trials evaluating the impact of routine screening for CAD in asymptomatic DM and no history of CAD have shown no differences in cardiac death and unstable angina at follow-up in those who underwent stress testing, or CT angiography (4,6,7). A meta-analysis of five randomized studies with 3299 asymptomatic subjects with DM showed that non-invasive imaging for CAD did not significantly reduce event rates of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) (relative risk 0.65; P=0.062) and hospitalization for heart failure (HF) (relative risk 0.61;P=0.1) (8).Observed low event rates in these studies and the disparities in patient population and the management of screening results (different imaging techniques, invasive coronary angiography and revascularization were not performed systematically) may explain the lack of benefit of the screening strategy. Accordingly, routine screening of CAD in asymptomatic DM is not recommended (2, 8) However, stress testing or CT angiography may be indicated in very high-risk asymptomatic individuals (with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a high CAC score, proteinuria, or renal failure) (9).

The addition of circulating biomarkers for CV risk assessment has limited clinical value (10). In patients with DM without known CVD, measurement of C-reactive protein or fibrinogen (inflammatory markers) provides minor incremental value to current risk assessment. The addition of hs troponin (Tn) T to conventional risk factors has not shown incremental discriminative power in this group (11). In individuals with type 1 DM, elevated high sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) was an independent predictor of renal decline and CV events (12). The prognostic value of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) in an unselected cohort of people with DM (including known CVD) showed that patients with low levels of NT-pro BNP (\<125 pg/mL) have an excellent short-term prognosis (13).

With emerging role of CT angiography in diagnosis of CAD according to the last 2019 ESC guidelines on Chronic coronary syndrome (14), as well as advanced functional imaging techniques, there is an obvious gap in evidence on prognostic value of both functional and angiographic advanced imaging techniques in patients with diabetes, particularly high risk subgroup.

The investigators hypothesized that a strategy using either functional evaluation with advanced stress echocardiography using wall motion abnormalities, coronary flow reserve and strain, or CT angiography visualization will lead to better outcome than no testing at all in asymptomatic high risk diabetic patients.

Conditions

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Asymptomatic High Risk Diabetes

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

multi-center prospective, randomized, open label, parallel group comparison of 2 diagnostic strategies
Primary Study Purpose

DIAGNOSTIC

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Imaging

Echocardiography combined with coronary flow reserve (CFR) and strain imaging, or computed tomography (CT) angiography with direct visualization of coronary arteries.

Group Type OTHER

Echocardiography

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Functional assessment of coronary artery disease

CT angiography

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Anatomical assessment of coronary artery disease

Observation

No imaging for the estimation of coronary artery disease

Group Type NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Interventions

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Echocardiography

Functional assessment of coronary artery disease

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

CT angiography

Anatomical assessment of coronary artery disease

Intervention Type DIAGNOSTIC_TEST

Other Intervention Names

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Coronary flow reserve (CFR) Wall motion abnormalities (WMA) Strain

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

Asymptomatic patients (\>30 years) with duration of diabetes ≥10 years without target organ damage plus any other additional risk factor including age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity.

Exclusion Criteria

* Patient categorized as very high or moderate risk for CV diseases
* Any symptoms suggestive of angina or heart failure
* Patients with baseline ECG or echo abnormalities
* Patients with known CV disease, or previous myocardial revascularization
* Patients with target organ damage defined as proteinuria, renal impairment defined as eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73 m2, left ventricular hypertrophy, or retinopathy
Minimum Eligible Age

30 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

80 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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Clinical Centre of Serbia

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Branko Beleslin

Clinical research

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

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Branko Beleslin, MD, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Clinical Centre of Serbia

Nebojsa Lalic, MD, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Clinical Centre of Serbia

Milos Zarkovic, MD, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Clinical Centre of Serbia

Locations

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Clinical Centre of Serbia

Belgrade, , Serbia

Site Status RECRUITING

Countries

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Serbia

Central Contacts

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Branko Beleslin, MD, PhD

Role: CONTACT

+381638328690

Nikola Boskovic, MD

Role: CONTACT

+381642708940

Facility Contacts

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Branko Beleslin, MD, PhD

Role: primary

+381638328690

Nikola Boskovic, MD

Role: backup

+381642708940

References

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Lievre MM, Moulin P, Thivolet C, Rodier M, Rigalleau V, Penfornis A, Pradignac A, Ovize M; DYNAMIT investigators. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic patients with diabetes: results of a randomized trial and meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of systematic screening. Trials. 2011 Jan 26;12:23. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-23.

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Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Wittlin SD, Filipchuk N, Ratner RE, Inzucchi SE; DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Apr 15;301(15):1547-55. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.476.

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Clerc OF, Fuchs TA, Stehli J, Benz DC, Grani C, Messerli M, Giannopoulos AA, Buechel RR, Luscher TF, Pazhenkottil AP, Kaufmann PA, Gaemperli O. Non-invasive screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Aug 1;19(8):838-846. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey014.

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Authors/Task Force Members; Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, Berne C, Cosentino F, Danchin N, Deaton C, Escaned J, Hammes HP, Huikuri H, Marre M, Marx N, Mellbin L, Ostergren J, Patrono C, Seferovic P, Uva MS, Taskinen MR, Tendera M, Tuomilehto J, Valensi P, Zamorano JL; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S; Document Reviewers; De Backer G, Sirnes PA, Ezquerra EA, Avogaro A, Badimon L, Baranova E, Baumgartner H, Betteridge J, Ceriello A, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Gulba DC, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kjekshus JK, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lev E, Mueller C, Neyses L, Nilsson PM, Perk J, Ponikowski P, Reiner Z, Sattar N, Schachinger V, Scheen A, Schirmer H, Stromberg A, Sudzhaeva S, Tamargo JL, Viigimaa M, Vlachopoulos C, Xuereb RG. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(39):3035-87. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht108. Epub 2013 Aug 30. No abstract available.

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Related Links

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https://www.mobt3ath.com/uplode/book/book-43792.pdf

Chow S, Shao J, Wand H. Sample size calculations in clinical research. 2nd edition. 2008.

Other Identifiers

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485/20

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

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