Trial Outcomes & Findings for PRenatal Video-Based Education and PostPARtum Effects (NCT NCT04258709)

NCT ID: NCT04258709

Last Updated: 2025-03-19

Results Overview

Whether participant is feeding 100% breast milk at 2 weeks postpartum

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 280 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum
• Results posted on: 2025-03-19

Participant Flow

Participants were enrolled between September 23, 2020 and October 23, 2023. Recruitment occurred via electronic health record scans of prenatal practices involved in the study for patients who met basic eligibility criteria, who then received study advertisements, health system portal messages, and/or approaches by study staff at a prenatal visit. Other recruitment strategies included social media ads, a university research registry, study flyers at clinical sites, and magazine advertisements.

Of 539 participants assessed for eligibility, 280 met eligibility criteria, agreed to participate, and were randomized to an interventionist group.

Participant milestones

Measure	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.
Overall Study STARTED	140	140
Overall Study COMPLETED	128	134
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	12	6

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.
Overall Study Lost to Follow-up	10	4
Overall Study Withdrawal by Subject	1	0
Overall Study Fetal demise	0	1
Overall Study Protocol Violation	1	1

Baseline Characteristics

Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=140 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=140 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Total n=280 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.71 • n=140 Participants	31.12 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.2 • n=140 Participants	30.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.98 • n=280 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	140 Participants n=140 Participants	140 Participants n=140 Participants	280 Participants n=280 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants n=140 Participants	0 Participants n=140 Participants	0 Participants n=280 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	4 Participants n=139 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	5 Participants n=140 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	9 Participants n=279 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	133 Participants n=139 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	134 Participants n=140 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	267 Participants n=279 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=139 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	1 Participants n=140 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	3 Participants n=279 Participants • Ethnicity assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	0 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	1 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	6 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	9 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	15 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	0 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	0 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	10 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	18 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	28 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) White	111 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	106 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	217 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	7 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	5 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	12 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	4 Participants n=139 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	2 Participants n=140 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	6 Participants n=279 Participants • Race assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Region of Enrollment United States	140 Participants n=140 Participants	140 Participants n=140 Participants	280 Participants n=280 Participants
Married Married	105 Participants n=139 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	106 Participants n=140 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	211 Participants n=279 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Married Living with a partner	21 Participants n=139 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	20 Participants n=140 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	41 Participants n=279 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Married Single or separated	13 Participants n=139 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	14 Participants n=140 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	27 Participants n=279 Participants • Marital status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Associates degree	9 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	5 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	14 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Bachelor's degree	43 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	52 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	95 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Completed occupational or vocational program	6 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	0 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	6 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Graduated from high school/GED	9 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	13 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	22 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Master's or doctoral degree	55 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	60 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	115 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Some college, no degree	15 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	9 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	24 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Education level Unknown	2 Participants n=139 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	1 Participants n=140 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	3 Participants n=279 Participants • Education level assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Employed at enrollment No	16 Participants n=139 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	20 Participants n=140 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	36 Participants n=279 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Employed at enrollment Yes, but on leave until after baby's birth	6 Participants n=139 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	4 Participants n=140 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	10 Participants n=279 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Employed at enrollment Yes, with reduced hours	9 Participants n=139 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	14 Participants n=140 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	23 Participants n=279 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Employed at enrollment Yes, with the same number of hours as before pregnancy	106 Participants n=139 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	101 Participants n=140 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	207 Participants n=279 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Employed at enrollment Unknown/unreported	2 Participants n=139 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	1 Participants n=140 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	3 Participants n=279 Participants • Employment status at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) recipient Yes, current recipient	16 Participants n=139 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	14 Participants n=140 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	30 Participants n=279 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) recipient No, not a current recipient	121 Participants n=139 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	125 Participants n=140 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	246 Participants n=279 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) recipient Unreported/unknown	2 Participants n=139 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	1 Participants n=140 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	3 Participants n=279 Participants • WIC status assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Infant Feeding Intentions Scale Score at enrollment	10.59 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.07 • n=137 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	10.40 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.02 • n=139 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	10.49 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.04 • n=276 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (Short Form) Score Baseline	45.57 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.04 • n=137 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	46.16 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.43 • n=139 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	45.87 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.23 • n=276 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available
Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale	44.42 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.26 • n=137 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	44.19 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.26 • n=139 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available	44.30 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.25 • n=276 Participants • Scale administered at baseline with n=276 participants' data available
Pre-pregnancy BMI BMI 25.0-29.99	77 Participants n=139 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	76 Participants n=140 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	153 Participants n=279 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Pre-pregnancy BMI BMI ≥ 30.0	62 Participants n=139 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	64 Participants n=140 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	126 Participants n=279 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available
Pre-pregnancy BMI (Continuous)	31.1 lbs/in^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.69 • n=139 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	30.8 lbs/in^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.87 • n=140 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available	31.0 lbs/in^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.77 • n=279 Participants • BMI at enrollment assessed at baseline with n=279 participants' data available

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Only includes participants with breastfeeding data available at 2 weeks postpartum (i.e., participants who completed breastfeeding survey item(s) at 2 weeks); note that some participants do not have 2 week breastfeeding data or 2 week survey data, but went on to complete the study by completing subsequent study timepoints

Whether participant is feeding 100% breast milk at 2 weeks postpartum

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=137 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=131 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Exclusivity	84 Participants	67 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the BSES-SF in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experiences.

Score on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-SF (score range 14-70, with higher score represents better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=126 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=121 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Self-efficacy	47.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.9	48.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Postpartum hospitalization (0-4 days postpartum)

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff).

This variable was derived from the infant's feeding documentation via Electronic Medical Record. Responses for Breastfeeding Exclusivity were categorized as YES if the infant had been fed only their mother's own breast milk. Responses were categorized as NO if they had received anything other than only their mother's own breast milk (e.g., formula + their own milk, formula only).

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=137 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=138 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding During Postpartum Hospitalization Not exclusively breastfeeding	61 Participants	59 Participants
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding During Postpartum Hospitalization Exclusively breastfeeding	76 Participants	79 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint.

This variable derived from participant self-report survey emailed at 2 weeks postpartum. Responses for Breastfeeding Exclusivity were categorized as YES if the infant had been fed only their mother's own breast milk. Responses were categorized as NO if they had received anything other than only their mother's own breast milk (e.g., formula + their own milk, formula only).

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=127 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=121 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 2 Weeks Postpartum Exclusively breastfeeding	46 Participants	45 Participants
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 2 Weeks Postpartum Not exclusively breastfeeding	81 Participants	76 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

This variable derived from participant self-report survey emailed at 6 weeks postpartum. Responses for Breastfeeding Exclusivity were categorized as YES if the infant had been fed only their mother's own breast milk. Responses were categorized as NO if they had received anything other than only their mother's own breast milk (e.g., formula + their own milk, formula only).

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=122 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=123 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postpartum Exclusively breastfeeding	73 Participants	64 Participants
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postpartum Not exclusively breastfeeding	49 Participants	59 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

This variable derived from participant self-report survey emailed at 12 weeks postpartum. Responses for Breastfeeding Exclusivity were categorized as YES if the infant had been fed only their mother's own breast milk. Responses were categorized as NO if they had received anything other than only their mother's own breast milk (e.g., formula + their own milk, formula only).

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=111 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=104 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 12 Weeks Postpartum Exclusively breastfeeding	69 Participants	67 Participants
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 12 Weeks Postpartum Not exclusively breastfeeding	42 Participants	37 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

This variable derived from participant self-report survey emailed at 6 months postpartum. Responses for Breastfeeding Exclusivity were categorized as YES if the infant had been fed only their mother's own breast milk. Responses were categorized as NO if they had received anything other than only their mother's own breast milk (e.g., formula + their own milk, formula only).

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=101 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=94 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum Exclusively breastfeeding	2 Participants	0 Participants
Number of Participants Exclusively Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum Not exclusively breastfeeding	99 Participants	94 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-4 days postpartum

Population: Data not collected from the EHR for the study due to reliability concerns

Categorical outcome indicating proportional range of breast milk feeds during postpartum/birth hospitalization (0-4 days postpartum)

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint.

Categorical outcome indicating proportional range of breast milk feeds since infant was born

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=127 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=121 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 75-99% breast milk	56 Participants	45 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 100% breast milk	46 Participants	45 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 0% breast milk	0 Participants	0 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 1-74% breast milk	25 Participants	31 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Categorical outcome indicating proportional range of breast milk feeds in past week

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=122 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=123 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 0% breast milk	15 Participants	15 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 1-75% breast milk	20 Participants	28 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 75-99% breast milk	14 Participants	16 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 100% breast milk	73 Participants	64 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Categorical outcome indicating proportional range of breast milk feeds in past week

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=111 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=104 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 0% breast milk	8 Participants	8 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 1-74% breast milk	16 Participants	18 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 75-99% breast milk	17 Participants	10 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 100% breast milk	70 Participants	68 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Categorical outcome indicating proportional range of breast milk feeds in past week

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=101 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=94 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 0% breast milk	11 Participants	13 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 1-74% breast milk	28 Participants	23 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 75-99% breast milk	40 Participants	38 Participants
Breastfeeding Exclusivity (Categorical) 100% breast milk.	22 Participants	20 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartrum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the BSES-SF in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experience.

Scores on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-SF(score range 14-70, with higher score represents better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=122 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=123 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Self-efficacy	48.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.1	49.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the BSES-SF in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experience.

Scores on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-SF(score range 14-70, with higher score represents better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=111 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=104 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Breastfeeding Self-efficacy	49.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.3	52.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Postpartum hospitalization (0-4 days postpartum)

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff).

This variable was derived from the infant's feeding documentation via Electronic Medical Record. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=138 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=138 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at Postpartum Hospitalization (0-4 Days Postpartum) No	2 Participants	0 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at Postpartum Hospitalization (0-4 Days Postpartum) Yes	136 Participants	138 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint.

Participants were asked what their infant was currently being fed. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=137 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=131 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 2 Weeks Postpartum Yes	127 Participants	121 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 2 Weeks Postpartum No	10 Participants	10 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Participants were asked what their infant was currently being fed. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=122 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=123 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postpartum Yes	107 Participants	108 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postpartum No	15 Participants	15 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Participants were asked what their infant was currently being fed. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=111 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=104 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 12 Weeks Postpartum Yes	103 Participants	96 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 12 Weeks Postpartum No	8 Participants	8 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 months postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Participants were asked what their infant was currently being fed. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=101 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=94 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum Yes	90 Participants	81 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum No	11 Participants	13 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 months postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Participants were asked what their infant was currently being fed. Responses were categorized as YES for Breastfeeding Duration if they answered that they were still feeding their own breast milk to their infant at each respective timepoint. Please note that responses were still classified as a YES if they were combination feeding (e.g., using their own breast milk along with formula, solids, etc.). Responses were categorized as NO if they had ceased to provide any of their own breast milk to their infant.

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=91 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=83 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 12 Months Postpartum Yes	51 Participants	50 Participants
Number of Participants Breastfeeding at 12 Months Postpartum No	40 Participants	33 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint.

Recall of lactogenesis II in post-birth days

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=133 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=128 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Onset of Lactogenesis II 1 day or less	5 Participants	5 Participants
Onset of Lactogenesis II 2 days	15 Participants	16 Participants
Onset of Lactogenesis II 3 days	38 Participants	40 Participants
Onset of Lactogenesis II 4 days	40 Participants	32 Participants
Onset of Lactogenesis II More than 4 days	31 Participants	33 Participants
Onset of Lactogenesis II Never	4 Participants	2 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the H\&H Lactation Scale in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experience.

Score on PIBBS subscale of H & H Lactation Scale measuring perceived infant satisfaction with breast milk received (score range: 5-35, higher score is better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=127 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=121 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Continuous)	27.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.69	26.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.92

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the H\&H Lactation Scale in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experience.

Score on PIBBS subscale of H & H Lactation Scale measuring perceived infant satisfaction with breast milk received (score range: 5-35, higher score is better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=107 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=108 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Continuous)	28.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.89	26.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.11

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who completed the H\&H Lactation Scale in its entirety at this timepoint. Some participants may not have completed this portion of the survey due to 1) not completing a survey at this timepoint, or 2) reporting breastfeeding discontinuation at this timepoint, rendering this survey not applicable to their current experience.

Score on PIBBS subscale of H & H Lactation Scale measuring perceived infant satisfaction with breast milk received (score range: 5-35, higher score is better outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=103 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=96 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Continuous)	29.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.67	26.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.11

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 2 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint.

Endorsement of insufficient milk supply via investigator created item (dichotomous outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=127 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=121 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as insufficient	28 Participants	32 Participants
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as sufficient	99 Participants	89 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Endorsement of insufficient milk supply via investigator created item (dichotomous outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=107 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=108 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as insufficient	26 Participants	31 Participants
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as sufficient	81 Participants	77 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who are represented here reflect only those who had still been active in the study at this point, exclusive of participants that had withdrawn (either by self or study staff) or did not complete a survey at this timepoint (either due to breastfeeding cessation at a prior timepoint or failure to complete the survey).

Endorsement of insufficient milk supply via investigator created item (dichotomous outcome)

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=103 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=96 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as insufficient	22 Participants	22 Participants
Perceived Milk Supply (Dichotomous) Perceived as sufficient	81 Participants	74 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 6 weeks postpartum

Population: Please note that this indicates the number of participants who were invited, agreed to participate, and completed a qualitative interview at 6 weeks postpartum.

A subset of participants took place in a qualitative assessment via semi-structured interview. Numbers below represent the number of participants who endorsed each of the following categories during their interview: 1) discussing the impact of the study on their pregnancy/postpartum experience, 2) integration of AME into their daily life, and 3) utilization of antenatal milk during the postpartum period

Outcome measures

Measure	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=16 Participants Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=31 Participants Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.
Number of Participants Commenting on the Impact/Integration of AME During Pregnancy and Utilization of Antenatally Collected Milk During the Postpartum Period Impact of/motivation for AME	15 Participants	11 Participants
Number of Participants Commenting on the Impact/Integration of AME During Pregnancy and Utilization of Antenatally Collected Milk During the Postpartum Period Integration of AME into daily life	0 Participants	26 Participants
Number of Participants Commenting on the Impact/Integration of AME During Pregnancy and Utilization of Antenatally Collected Milk During the Postpartum Period Utilization of milk collected antenatally	0 Participants	11 Participants

Adverse Events

Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group

Serious events: 71 serious events

Other events: 113 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group

Serious events: 66 serious events

Other events: 74 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Measure	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=139 participants at risk Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=139 participants at risk Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Polyhydramnios	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	1.4% 2/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Oligohydramnios	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	2.2% 3/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions NICU admission during postpartum hospitalization	9.4% 13/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	9.4% 13/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy	5.8% 8/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	3.6% 5/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Reduced fetal movement during/after AME in past week	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Rupture of membranes during AME	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Gestational hypertension	19.4% 27/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	10.1% 14/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Pre-eclampsia	5.8% 8/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	9.4% 13/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Fetal distress as indication for delivery via caesarean section	4.3% 6/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	6.5% 9/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Fetal demise	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Iron transfusion required during postpartum hospitalization	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Partial placental abruption	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	1.4% 2/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Postpartum hemorrhage	10.8% 15/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	7.9% 11/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant participant requiring resuscitation beyond SDS after delivery	2.2% 3/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	5.0% 7/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant with hyperbilirubinemia requiring monitoring only	10.1% 14/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	6.5% 9/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant with hypoglycemia	5.8% 8/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	4.3% 6/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant with clavicle fracture	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant with NAS and prolonged hospitalization	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Infant with hip dysplasia	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions In-patient hospitalization (unrelated to AME)	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions IUGR	1.4% 2/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Postpartum pre-E with SF	0.72% 1/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	0.00% 0/139 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.

Other adverse events

Measure	Antenatal Milk Expression (AME) Intervention Group n=139 participants at risk Weekly video interactions (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) with International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) to teach and reinforce antenatal milk expression. At-home practice of hand expression and collection of any expressed milk. AME: Participants receive education on AME and feedback on technique with a remotely-based IBCLC via live streaming video.	Video-based Infant Care Education Control Group n=139 participants at risk Weekly video education (weeks 37-40 of pregnancy) on various topics related to infant care (e.g., safe sleep, car seat safety, etc.). Video-based infant care education: Participants view a standard set of web-based streamed videos addressing evidence-based infant care, unrelated to feeding/breastfeeding.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Oversupply at 2 weeks postpartum	28.3% 39/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	15.2% 21/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Delivery prior to 39 weeks	28.3% 39/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	22.5% 31/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Lactogenesis II onset < 2 days or > 4 days postpartum or no onset	28.3% 39/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	29.7% 41/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported emotional discomfort or anxiety with AME while on AME interventionist call	5.8% 8/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported hand fatigue/pain/discomfort with AME while on AME interventionist call	4.3% 6/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported breast/nipple discomfort associated with AME while on AME interventionist call	5.1% 7/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported breast or nipple pain or soreness via daily text diaries	23.2% 32/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported hand fatigue/hand cramping via daily text message diaries	18.1% 25/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported anxiety/uneasiness/embarrassment via daily text message diaries	11.6% 16/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported cramping via daily text message diary	1.4% 2/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported pelvic pain during daily text message diaries	0.72% 1/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported lightheadedness/nausea during expression via daily text message diary	0.72% 1/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions Participant reported no/little milk output via daily text message diaries	2.9% 4/138 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.	— 0/0 • From study enrollment at 34-36 weeks of gestation until conclusion of the intervention and conclusion of primary aims data collection at 2 weeks postpartum. Please note that no adverse events were measured after the 2 week postpartum timepoint. The unit of measurement here is the maternal participant, where a fetal adverse event was noted, it will be included under the maternal participant.

Additional Information

Dr. Jill Demirci

University of Pittsburgh

Phone: 412-648-9236

Email: JVR5@pitt.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place