Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
8 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2018-08-01
2018-09-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Three hours before the start of their scheduled match, each player ingested a telemetric pill in order to estimate the visceral temperature. Upon arrival, all participants provided a urine sample for assessment of urine specific gravity as an indicator of their hydration status and they emptied their bladders before were weighed. They were weighed twice, at baseline and at the end of the match with a precision weight scale (Kern DE 150K2D, KERN \& SOHN GmbH, Balingen, Germany). During the match the participants consumed water and any other sport drink and food ad libitum. The total weight of the players' food and fluids that was consumed was measured using a precision weight scale. If participants wished to urinate during the match, they were asked to use a urine cup and their urine was weighed.
One hour before the match, the precooling group was wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. On removal from a -20oC freezer, the cap surface was 10.7±2.5oC. After 45 minutes, participants removed the cap and they performed a 5 minutes standardized warm-up (running around the court and running exercises from baseline to net and back to baseline) and 10 min tennis specific warm up (rallies and serves) on court. Each participant, before the warm-up, was outfitted with a heart rate chest strap and iBUTTON sensors at four sites of the body (chest, upper arm, thigh and calf).
The scoring and timing characteristics of the matches complied with 2016 ITF rules. Three new balls were used for each match with the players retrieving balls between points. Matches were filmed from one end of the court, using a digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan). Participants were performed on perceptual measurements at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.
Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and perceptual responses were recorded with standardized techniques: 1) visceral temperature using telemetric pill (BodyCap, Caen, France) was continuously recorded throughout the match; 2) skin temperature using iBUTTON sensors (type DS1921 H, Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor Corp., USA) on chest, upper arm, thigh and calf was recorded continuously; 3) heart rate (HR) variability data were sampled through short-range telemetry at 1,000 Hz with a Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro , Kempele, Finland). The heart rate monitor signal will be transferred to the Polar Precision Performance Software (release 3.00; Polar Electro Oy); 4) thermal comfort (scale 1-5), thermal sensation (scale 1-10) and rating of perceived exertion using standardized questionnaires were recorded at baseline, after each set, and at the end of the match.
Hydration status was recorded with urine specific gravity. All the collected urine samples will be analyzed using a refractrometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan) for the determination of urine specific gravity. Euhydration will be defined as urine specific gravity \<1.02 according to internationally accepted standards.
A digital video camera (Sony DCR-VX2000E PAL, Japan) was used to record the match - play characteristics. The footage was used to conduct the retrospective notational analysis. The quantitative performance indices that assessed had been: games and points won in each set and normalized to the number of games and points that record in each set respectively. Also unforced errors, first and second serve accuracy, aces, shots per rally and direction changes in each point calculated. Point's duration, between point-duration as well the effective point time calculated. The effective point time starting with the ball toss of the serve and ending when the ball passed the player or bounced twice on court. In case of double fault, starting time recorded from the beginning of the second serve.
Environmental data including air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured continuously using a portable weather station (Kestrel 5500FW Fire Weather Meter Pro, USA). The weather station was placed 1 meter above the ground according to the manufacturer's guidelines.
Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
CROSSOVER
PREVENTION
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Pre-cooling scenario
One hour before a tennis match, the pre-cooling group was wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes.
Thermal stress and performance using a pre-cooling protocol
One hour before a tennis match, participants were wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. During the tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.
Sham evaluation
Participants were monitored during a usual game without any kind of pre-cooling strategy
Thermal stress and performance without a pre-cooling protocol
During a tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.
Interventions
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Thermal stress and performance using a pre-cooling protocol
One hour before a tennis match, participants were wearing a Cooling Cap (WElkins Sideline Cooling System, SCS) for 45 minutes. During the tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.
Thermal stress and performance without a pre-cooling protocol
During a tennis match the following variables were monitored: heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion and hydration status.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
* Symptoms of acute illness;
* Recent (past 4 weeks) usage of medications known to affect the circulatory system, the thyroid, the pituitary function, or the metabolic status.
14 Years
17 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Petros Dinas
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Petros Dinas
Senior Researcher in human physiology
Locations
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FAME Lab, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly
Trikala, Thessaly, Greece
Countries
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References
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Misailidi M, Mantzios K, Papakonstantinou C, Ioannou LG, Flouris AD. Environmental and Psychophysical Heat Stress in Adolescent Tennis Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021 Dec 1;16(12):1895-1900. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0820. Epub 2021 May 21.
Other Identifiers
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8. Tennis pre-cooling
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id