Use of CBD Oil in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
NCT ID: NCT04197102
Last Updated: 2023-11-22
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
SUSPENDED
Clinical Phase
PHASE2
Total Enrollment
150 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2020-01-15
Study Completion Date
2025-05-31
Brief Summary
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The overarching objective of the proposed project is to test the clinical efficacy of CBD in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder using a rigorous double-blind randomized clinical trial methodology. Participants (n=150) meeting full DSM-5 criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will be randomized to one of 3 treatment arms: (a) CBD -Isolate; (b) CBD-Broad Spectrum; (c) Placebo oil.
We predict that patients receiving CBD isolate or CBD Broad Spectrum will show significantly greater improvements in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment at the posttreatment and one-month follow-up relative to patients receiving placebo oil. Additionally, we expect that patients receiving CBD Broad Spectrum will show significantly greater improvements relative to patients receiving CBD Isolate.
We predict that patients receiving CBD isolate or CBD Broad Spectrum will show significantly greater improvements in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment at the posttreatment and one-month follow-up relative to patients receiving placebo oil. Additionally, we expect that patients receiving CBD Broad Spectrum will show significantly greater improvements relative to patients receiving CBD Isolate.
Detailed Description
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Background and Significance of the Proposed Project
Over 80% of Americans are exposed to a significant trauma sometime during their lifetime and approximately 7% will meet for a threshold diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD is the most costly anxiety-related disorder and confers significant interference in work, social functioning, increased risk for other physical and mental health problems, and a four-fold increase in suicide rates compared to the general population.
Over the past two decades, trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD have been shown to outperform more traditional supportive psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy and have become the first line treatment for PTSD. Despite these advances, trauma focused treatments such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) are associated with high rates of treatment refusal, and among those who do enter treatment, approximately 25% drop-out. These data highlight the need to develop PTSD treatment strategies that are both effective and more palatable to patients.
More recently, there's been considerable excitement in the press over the potential therapeutic use of cannabidiol (CBD) products in the treatment of a variety of physical and mental health problems.( Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9 THC) is still illegal in most states because of its psychoactive abuse potential. In contrast, cannabidiol (CBD) does not convert to THC in the body and has negligible side effects relative to main stream psychiatric drugs (benzodiazepines and antidepressants) commonly prescribed for the treatment of PTSD. Mounting evidence from studies with rodents suggests that CBD may confer significant promising health-related benefits including anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, anti-cancer, memory enhancement, and facilitation of fear extinction (see White for a recent review).
The biggest success story for CBD use in humans to date comes from controlled randomized clinical trials demonstrating a 50% or more reduction in previously intractable seizures in children suffering from Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Moreover, several controlled clinical trials have shown promising findings in reducing psychotic symptoms among patients with schizophrenia and among young adults displaying THC-induced psychosis.
Preliminary Evidence that CBD may offer promise in the treatment of anxiety-related disorders has started to emerge. A small pilot trial with 24 patients presenting with social anxiety disorder found that relative to placebo, a single dose of 100 mg of CBD oil led to lower levels of anxiety, cognitive impairment, and discomfort in their actual speech performance as well as their anxiety before the speech. Unfortunately, human treatment studies for anxiety-related problems is limited almost exclusively to single dose effects on an anxiety challenge task. Studies are clearly needed to assess the effects of multi-dose CBD treatments across the full spectrum of trauma and anxiety-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
PROJECT AIMS
The overarching objective of the proposed project is to test the clinical efficacy of CBD in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder using a rigorous double-blind randomized clinical trial methodology.
Specific aims of the project include:
1. Compare the efficacy of an 8-week multi-dose regimen of two CBD oil formulations (CBD Isolate (300 mg/day) and CBD Broad Spectrum) relative to placebo oil in reducing PTSD symptoms at the posttreatment and one-month follow-up.
We predict that patients receiving CBD oil (CBD isolate or CBD Broad Spectrum) will show significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment at post-treatment and one-month follow-up relative to patients receiving placebo oil.
We also predict that patients receiving the CBD Broad Spectrum formulation will show significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment relative to patients receiving CBD Isolate.
2. Examine predictors of patients' clinical response to the various treatment combinations.
We expect that the superiority of CBD relative to placebo will be more pronounced for patients showing more severe PTSD symptoms at baseline.
3. Examine the perceived acceptability and patients' side effects profile of 8 weeks of daily CBD oil ingestion.
We expect that CBD-treated patients will show equivalent levels of side effects as those receiving placebo oil.
STUDY METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Participant Recruitment: 150 participants between the ages of 18 and older will be recruited through several outlets including notices posted on campus, announcements on our research laboratory website and national organizations related to PTSD and its treatment.
Participant Screening: Participants will undergo a two-stage screening procedure. Stage 1 will be a brief structured web-based screening interview. Stage 2 will be a web-based, self-report version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Participants meeting the following inclusion and exclusion enrollment criteria will be invited to take part in the study (see below).
NOTE: ALL STUDY PROCEDURES ARE COMPLETED AT PARTICIPANTS' HOMES. NO VISITS TO OUR RESEARCH LABORATORY ARE REQUIRED.
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:
1. Meets for a current DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD as their "primary" mental disorder
2. Age between 18+
3. Fluent in English
4. Willingness to provide signed informed consent online
5. No history of a suicide attempt in the past 6 months
6. No history of psychosis within the past 6 months
9\. No history of current alcohol or substance use disorder within the past month.
10\. No current medical problems that would preclude safe ingestion of CBD oil 11. Willingness to refrain from other forms of Cannabis use during the study period 12. Has home access to the internet. 13. No history of adverse reaction to CBD. 14. No allergy to coconut oil.
Participant Informed Consent:
All study participants will be consented by the study coordinator or a doctoral student research assistant. The online informed consent document will provide participants with information regarding the aims of the project, what they will be asked to do, any anticipated risks or benefits associated with participating in the study, as well as a clear statement that their participation is voluntary and that they may discontinue participation at any time.
Study Design Overview: The research plan is to conduct a Phase II double-blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two CBD oil formulations (CBD Isolate (300 mg/day) and CBD Broad Spectrum versus Placebo Oil.
CBD/Placebo Dosing:
Nightly dosing of a hemp-derived formulation of purified CBD isolate (300 mg), CBD Broad Spectrum (300 mg.) or matching placebo oil daily for 8 weeks. Individual doses of both CBD formulations and placebo oil will be provided in identical individual plastic syringes. All patients, PI, and staff who interact with study participants will be blind to participants' assigned treatment condition.
Clinical Assessment Schedule:
Week 0 - Pre-Treatment Screening Visit: All enrolled study participants will complete from their home a clinical assessment battery consisting of self-report rating scales over the Internet (see measures).
Treatment Visits (Weeks 1 - 8): During this phase, all study participants will (a) receive via USPS their weekly allotment of CBD/Placebo oil; (b) complete weekly clinical status assessments via the Internet (see measures).
Posttreatment Assessment Visit (Week 9): All participants will complete an online battery of clinical outcome measures identical to those administered during their pre-treatment visit (see outcome measures).
1-Month Follow-up Assessment Visit (Week 13): All participants will be re-administered the complete battery of primary and secondary outcome measures (see outcome measures).
Outcome Measures
Primary Clinical Outcomes: The primary clinical outcome will be scores on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Models will be coded to test differences between (1) CBD Isolate + Broad Spectrum vs. Placebo and (2) CBD Isolate vs CBD Broad Spectrum at the primary endpoint (post-treatment) and secondary endpoint (1-month follow-up).
Secondary Clinical Outcomes: Several additional psychiatric outcomes will be assessed at post treatment and follow-up. These clinical outcomes and their respective measures appear below.
* Depression (PHQ-9)
* Disability (SDS)
* Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)
* Anxiety (GAD-7)
* Alcohol Use (PROMIS Alcohol Use -Short Form).
Data Management Data Management involves development of methods for ensuring that data collection instruments are programmed; data are properly collected; participants are tracked and monitored over the course of the study; data sets are documented and maintained; variables are created and documented; and main analyses are conducted. To enhance quality control, all data for the current study including demographic information, diagnoses, and participant and clinician rated measures will be directly entered into a HIPAA-compliant electronic case report form (eCRF) using Qualtrics - a secure cloud-based platform designed exclusively for supporting HIPAA compliant data capture and storage. Qualtrics provides: (a) An intuitive interface for data entry with data validation; (b) Audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; (c) Procedures for importing data from external sources; (d) Automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages (SPSS, SAS, Stata, R) to facilitate data analysis; (e) automated and secure data back-up and storage to servers housed at the University of Texas Population Research Center (PRC). Dr. Telch in his role as Principal Investigator will serve as the Senior data manager and will meet bi-weekly with the research staff on issues related to data management.
Over 80% of Americans are exposed to a significant trauma sometime during their lifetime and approximately 7% will meet for a threshold diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD is the most costly anxiety-related disorder and confers significant interference in work, social functioning, increased risk for other physical and mental health problems, and a four-fold increase in suicide rates compared to the general population.
Over the past two decades, trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD have been shown to outperform more traditional supportive psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy and have become the first line treatment for PTSD. Despite these advances, trauma focused treatments such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) are associated with high rates of treatment refusal, and among those who do enter treatment, approximately 25% drop-out. These data highlight the need to develop PTSD treatment strategies that are both effective and more palatable to patients.
More recently, there's been considerable excitement in the press over the potential therapeutic use of cannabidiol (CBD) products in the treatment of a variety of physical and mental health problems.( Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9 THC) is still illegal in most states because of its psychoactive abuse potential. In contrast, cannabidiol (CBD) does not convert to THC in the body and has negligible side effects relative to main stream psychiatric drugs (benzodiazepines and antidepressants) commonly prescribed for the treatment of PTSD. Mounting evidence from studies with rodents suggests that CBD may confer significant promising health-related benefits including anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, anti-cancer, memory enhancement, and facilitation of fear extinction (see White for a recent review).
The biggest success story for CBD use in humans to date comes from controlled randomized clinical trials demonstrating a 50% or more reduction in previously intractable seizures in children suffering from Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Moreover, several controlled clinical trials have shown promising findings in reducing psychotic symptoms among patients with schizophrenia and among young adults displaying THC-induced psychosis.
Preliminary Evidence that CBD may offer promise in the treatment of anxiety-related disorders has started to emerge. A small pilot trial with 24 patients presenting with social anxiety disorder found that relative to placebo, a single dose of 100 mg of CBD oil led to lower levels of anxiety, cognitive impairment, and discomfort in their actual speech performance as well as their anxiety before the speech. Unfortunately, human treatment studies for anxiety-related problems is limited almost exclusively to single dose effects on an anxiety challenge task. Studies are clearly needed to assess the effects of multi-dose CBD treatments across the full spectrum of trauma and anxiety-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
PROJECT AIMS
The overarching objective of the proposed project is to test the clinical efficacy of CBD in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder using a rigorous double-blind randomized clinical trial methodology.
Specific aims of the project include:
1. Compare the efficacy of an 8-week multi-dose regimen of two CBD oil formulations (CBD Isolate (300 mg/day) and CBD Broad Spectrum) relative to placebo oil in reducing PTSD symptoms at the posttreatment and one-month follow-up.
We predict that patients receiving CBD oil (CBD isolate or CBD Broad Spectrum) will show significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment at post-treatment and one-month follow-up relative to patients receiving placebo oil.
We also predict that patients receiving the CBD Broad Spectrum formulation will show significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms and functional impairment relative to patients receiving CBD Isolate.
2. Examine predictors of patients' clinical response to the various treatment combinations.
We expect that the superiority of CBD relative to placebo will be more pronounced for patients showing more severe PTSD symptoms at baseline.
3. Examine the perceived acceptability and patients' side effects profile of 8 weeks of daily CBD oil ingestion.
We expect that CBD-treated patients will show equivalent levels of side effects as those receiving placebo oil.
STUDY METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Participant Recruitment: 150 participants between the ages of 18 and older will be recruited through several outlets including notices posted on campus, announcements on our research laboratory website and national organizations related to PTSD and its treatment.
Participant Screening: Participants will undergo a two-stage screening procedure. Stage 1 will be a brief structured web-based screening interview. Stage 2 will be a web-based, self-report version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Participants meeting the following inclusion and exclusion enrollment criteria will be invited to take part in the study (see below).
NOTE: ALL STUDY PROCEDURES ARE COMPLETED AT PARTICIPANTS' HOMES. NO VISITS TO OUR RESEARCH LABORATORY ARE REQUIRED.
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:
1. Meets for a current DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD as their "primary" mental disorder
2. Age between 18+
3. Fluent in English
4. Willingness to provide signed informed consent online
5. No history of a suicide attempt in the past 6 months
6. No history of psychosis within the past 6 months
9\. No history of current alcohol or substance use disorder within the past month.
10\. No current medical problems that would preclude safe ingestion of CBD oil 11. Willingness to refrain from other forms of Cannabis use during the study period 12. Has home access to the internet. 13. No history of adverse reaction to CBD. 14. No allergy to coconut oil.
Participant Informed Consent:
All study participants will be consented by the study coordinator or a doctoral student research assistant. The online informed consent document will provide participants with information regarding the aims of the project, what they will be asked to do, any anticipated risks or benefits associated with participating in the study, as well as a clear statement that their participation is voluntary and that they may discontinue participation at any time.
Study Design Overview: The research plan is to conduct a Phase II double-blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two CBD oil formulations (CBD Isolate (300 mg/day) and CBD Broad Spectrum versus Placebo Oil.
CBD/Placebo Dosing:
Nightly dosing of a hemp-derived formulation of purified CBD isolate (300 mg), CBD Broad Spectrum (300 mg.) or matching placebo oil daily for 8 weeks. Individual doses of both CBD formulations and placebo oil will be provided in identical individual plastic syringes. All patients, PI, and staff who interact with study participants will be blind to participants' assigned treatment condition.
Clinical Assessment Schedule:
Week 0 - Pre-Treatment Screening Visit: All enrolled study participants will complete from their home a clinical assessment battery consisting of self-report rating scales over the Internet (see measures).
Treatment Visits (Weeks 1 - 8): During this phase, all study participants will (a) receive via USPS their weekly allotment of CBD/Placebo oil; (b) complete weekly clinical status assessments via the Internet (see measures).
Posttreatment Assessment Visit (Week 9): All participants will complete an online battery of clinical outcome measures identical to those administered during their pre-treatment visit (see outcome measures).
1-Month Follow-up Assessment Visit (Week 13): All participants will be re-administered the complete battery of primary and secondary outcome measures (see outcome measures).
Outcome Measures
Primary Clinical Outcomes: The primary clinical outcome will be scores on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Models will be coded to test differences between (1) CBD Isolate + Broad Spectrum vs. Placebo and (2) CBD Isolate vs CBD Broad Spectrum at the primary endpoint (post-treatment) and secondary endpoint (1-month follow-up).
Secondary Clinical Outcomes: Several additional psychiatric outcomes will be assessed at post treatment and follow-up. These clinical outcomes and their respective measures appear below.
* Depression (PHQ-9)
* Disability (SDS)
* Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)
* Anxiety (GAD-7)
* Alcohol Use (PROMIS Alcohol Use -Short Form).
Data Management Data Management involves development of methods for ensuring that data collection instruments are programmed; data are properly collected; participants are tracked and monitored over the course of the study; data sets are documented and maintained; variables are created and documented; and main analyses are conducted. To enhance quality control, all data for the current study including demographic information, diagnoses, and participant and clinician rated measures will be directly entered into a HIPAA-compliant electronic case report form (eCRF) using Qualtrics - a secure cloud-based platform designed exclusively for supporting HIPAA compliant data capture and storage. Qualtrics provides: (a) An intuitive interface for data entry with data validation; (b) Audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; (c) Procedures for importing data from external sources; (d) Automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages (SPSS, SAS, Stata, R) to facilitate data analysis; (e) automated and secure data back-up and storage to servers housed at the University of Texas Population Research Center (PRC). Dr. Telch in his role as Principal Investigator will serve as the Senior data manager and will meet bi-weekly with the research staff on issues related to data management.
Conditions
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
QUADRUPLE
Participants
Caregivers
Investigators
Outcome Assessors
Each nightly dose of CBD/Placebo oil will be tagged with a code # on the plastic syringe containing the CBD oil or placebo oil. All oils will have identical color and mint flavor. Two independent staff not connected to the study will be unblinded to the participants' assignment to condition.
Study Groups
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CBD Isolate
300 mg/day of CBD isolate
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
CBD Isolate
Intervention Type
DRUG
A fixed dose of 300-mg of a hemp-derived formulation of purified 99.9% CBD isolate oil will be taken once daily for 8 weeks for participants randomized to the CBD Isolate arm.
CBD Broad Spectrum
300 mg/day of CBD Broad Spectrum Oil
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
CBD Broad Spectrum
Intervention Type
OTHER
A fixed dose of 300-mg of a hemp-derived formulation of purified 99.9% CBD Broad Spectrum oil will be taken once daily for 8 weeks for participants randomized to the CBD - Broad Spectrum arm.
Placebo oil
Matched Placebo Oil
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo oil
Intervention Type
OTHER
Placebo solution will be taken once daily for 8 weeks by participants randomized to the placebo arm.
Interventions
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CBD Isolate
A fixed dose of 300-mg of a hemp-derived formulation of purified 99.9% CBD isolate oil will be taken once daily for 8 weeks for participants randomized to the CBD Isolate arm.
Intervention Type
DRUG
CBD Broad Spectrum
A fixed dose of 300-mg of a hemp-derived formulation of purified 99.9% CBD Broad Spectrum oil will be taken once daily for 8 weeks for participants randomized to the CBD - Broad Spectrum arm.
Intervention Type
OTHER
Placebo oil
Placebo solution will be taken once daily for 8 weeks by participants randomized to the placebo arm.
Intervention Type
OTHER
Other Intervention Names
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CBD Isolate Oil
CBD Broad Spectrum Oil
PLBO
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. Meets for a current DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD as their "primary" mental disorder
2. Age 18 or older
3. Fluent in English
4. Has access to the internet
5. Willingness to provide signed informed consent
6. Willingness to refrain from all non-study cannabis use during the study period
2. Age 18 or older
3. Fluent in English
4. Has access to the internet
5. Willingness to provide signed informed consent
6. Willingness to refrain from all non-study cannabis use during the study period
Exclusion Criteria
1. History of a suicide attempt within the past 6 months
2. History of psychosis within the past 6 months
3. History of current alcohol or substance use disorder within the past month
4. Any medical problems that would preclude participating in the study
5. History of adverse reaction to CBD oil or other CBD products
6. Allergy to coconut oil
2. History of psychosis within the past 6 months
3. History of current alcohol or substance use disorder within the past month
4. Any medical problems that would preclude participating in the study
5. History of adverse reaction to CBD oil or other CBD products
6. Allergy to coconut oil
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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University of Texas at Austin
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Michael J. Telch
Professor of Psychology
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Michael J Telch, Ph.D.
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of Texas at Austin
Locations
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Laboratory for the Study of Anxiety Disorders, University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, United States
Site Status
Countries
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United States
References
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Shalev AY, Gevonden M, Ratanatharathorn A, Laska E, van der Mei WF, Qi W, Lowe S, Lai BS, Bryant RA, Delahanty D, Matsuoka YJ, Olff M, Schnyder U, Seedat S, deRoon-Cassini TA, Kessler RC, Koenen KC; International Consortium to Predict PTSD. Estimating the risk of PTSD in recent trauma survivors: results of the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP). World Psychiatry. 2019 Feb;18(1):77-87. doi: 10.1002/wps.20608.
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Powers MB, Gillihan SJ, Rosenfield D, Jerud AB, Foa EB. Reliability and validity of the PDS and PSS-I among participants with PTSD and alcohol dependence. J Anxiety Disord. 2012 Jun;26(5):617-23. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.013. Epub 2012 Mar 3.
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BACKGROUND
Powers MB, Halpern JM, Ferenschak MP, Gillihan SJ, Foa EB. A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Aug;30(6):635-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007. Epub 2010 May 2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
White CM. A Review of Human Studies Assessing Cannabidiol's (CBD) Therapeutic Actions and Potential. J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Jul;59(7):923-934. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1387. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
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BACKGROUND
Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, Marsh E, Miller I, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, Thiele EA, Wright S; Cannabidiol in Dravet Syndrome Study Group. Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 25;376(21):2011-2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611618.
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BACKGROUND
Devinsky O, Patel AD, Cross JH, Villanueva V, Wirrell EC, Privitera M, Greenwood SM, Roberts C, Checketts D, VanLandingham KE, Zuberi SM; GWPCARE3 Study Group. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 17;378(20):1888-1897. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714631.
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BACKGROUND
McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, Vasile D, Morrison PD, Barron R, Taylor A, Wright S. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Mar 1;175(3):225-231. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325. Epub 2017 Dec 15.
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BACKGROUND
Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, de Oliveira DC, De Martinis BS, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, Roesler R, Schroder N, Nardi AE, Martin-Santos R, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 May;36(6):1219-26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.6. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
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BACKGROUND
Berk M, Ng F, Dodd S, Callaly T, Campbell S, Bernardo M, Trauer T. The validity of the CGI severity and improvement scales as measures of clinical effectiveness suitable for routine clinical use. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008 Dec;14(6):979-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00921.x. Epub 2008 May 2.
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BACKGROUND
Pinto-Meza A, Serrano-Blanco A, Penarrubia MT, Blanco E, Haro JM. Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: can it be carried out over the telephone? J Gen Intern Med. 2005 Aug;20(8):738-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0144.x.
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BACKGROUND
Leon AC, Olfson M, Portera L, Farber L, Sheehan DV. Assessing psychiatric impairment in primary care with the Sheehan Disability Scale. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27(2):93-105. doi: 10.2190/T8EM-C8YH-373N-1UWD.
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Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med. 1998 May;28(3):551-8. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798006667.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Telch MJ, Fischer CM, Zaizar ED, Rubin M, Papini S. Use of Cannabidiol (CBD) oil in the treatment of PTSD: Study design and rationale for a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2022 Nov;122:106933. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106933. Epub 2022 Sep 22.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
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2019-05-0123
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id