Trial Outcomes & Findings for Yoga and Aerobic Exercise Effects on Cognition (NCT NCT04077645)
NCT ID: NCT04077645
Last Updated: 2025-08-24
Results Overview
This is a computerized task measuring the working memory domain of cognition. The task had 3 conditions, namely, 0-back, 1-back and 2-back. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli one after the other. They have to decide whether the stimulus currently presented is the same as the stimulus presented "n" items before. For the 1-back task, participants have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 1 earlier. For the 2- back task, they have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 2 earlier. Reaction time and accuracy of the response are recorded.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
71 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Change from baseline performance on the n-back at 30 minutes
Results posted on
2025-08-24
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
25
|
22
|
24
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
25
|
22
|
24
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Yoga and Aerobic Exercise Effects on Cognition
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
Total
n=71 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
29.19 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.60 • n=5 Participants
|
28.39 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.83 • n=7 Participants
|
25.93 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.16 • n=5 Participants
|
27.84 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.85 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
22 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
62 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Caucasian
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
40 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
African American
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Other
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
N-back Task (Working Memory)
|
960.72 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 195.07 • n=5 Participants
|
1000 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 190.18 • n=7 Participants
|
1002.11 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 265.65 • n=5 Participants
|
987.19 milliseconds
STANDARD_DEVIATION 217.88 • n=4 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance on the n-back at 30 minutesThis is a computerized task measuring the working memory domain of cognition. The task had 3 conditions, namely, 0-back, 1-back and 2-back. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli one after the other. They have to decide whether the stimulus currently presented is the same as the stimulus presented "n" items before. For the 1-back task, participants have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 1 earlier. For the 2- back task, they have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 2 earlier. Reaction time and accuracy of the response are recorded.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
N-back Task (Working Memory)
|
827.50 Milliseconds
Standard Deviation 171.96
|
844.26 Milliseconds
Standard Deviation 214.36
|
832.60 Milliseconds
Standard Deviation 217.52
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesThis is a paper pencil task having 2 parts- Trails A and Trails B, with Trails B being more complex. In Trails A, there are 25 circles on a piece of paper numbered 1-25. Participants have to join these numbers in ascending order, as quickly as they can, without lifting their pencil. In Trails B, the participants have to join 25 circles in an ascending order, but they have to alternate between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B-3-C). Time to complete the task correctly is recorded.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition)
|
43.21 seconds
Standard Deviation 11.12
|
39.18 seconds
Standard Deviation 8.50
|
40.72 seconds
Standard Deviation 10.28
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesIn this task, participants are presented with a code key, in which numbers 1-9 are matched with a unique symbol. Then, they are presented with a sheet of paper having a series of symbols on it. Using the codekey, participants have to read aloud, the numbers that the symbols are associated with, in 2 minutes. The accuracy is recorded.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed)
|
108.52 Correct responses
Standard Deviation 16.73
|
116.23 Correct responses
Standard Deviation 12.17
|
120.71 Correct responses
Standard Deviation 18.41
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesThis questionnaire has 20 items for assessing state anxiety. Participants respond on a 4-point scale ("Not at all" to "Very much so"). Composite is calculated by summing the items. Range: 20 (min) - 80 (max). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire
|
30.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.00
|
35.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.93
|
36.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.24
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesParticipants have to indicate how stressed they are currently feeling on a scale ranging from 0 (none) to 100 (as bad as it gets). Higher scores mean more stress.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Visual Analog Scale for Stress
|
21.08 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 17.22
|
28.82 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 25.56
|
38.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.54
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesParticipants self rate their present moment feelings on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=not true at all, 5=very true) yielding a mean score across all 7 items, with higher scores indicating greater mental fatigue. Range for composite score: 1 (min) - 5 (max).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Mental Fatigue
|
1.87 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .59
|
2.01 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .69
|
2.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .95
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1Participants are asked to self rate (1 item) their focus of attention while engaged in the previous activity. Responses range from 0 (Internal thoughts) to 10 (external thoughts), with higher scores representing external focus of attention. Range: 0 (min)- 10 (max).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Focus of Attention
|
7.84 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.75
|
2.73 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.48
|
5.42 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.02
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesThis scale measures how a participant is feeling at the present moment (valence) after a bout of exercise. It is an 11-point one-item measure ranging from +5 (very good) to -5 (very bad). Higher scores represent positive affect. Range: -55 (min) to 55 (max).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Feeling Scale
|
3.68 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.09
|
2.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.26
|
3.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.64
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutesParticipants' heart rate will be measured using an oxymeter.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Heart Rate
|
100.24 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 14.40
|
119.27 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 6.54
|
69.63 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 8.41
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1Participants are asked to self rate their feeling of exertion on a 1-item question (11 point scale), ranging from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (maximal exertion), for the activity they were engaged in during the intervention. Range: 6 (min) to 20 (max).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
n=22 Participants
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
n=24 Participants
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Rating of Perceived Exertion
|
11.24 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.16
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11.73 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.14
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7.63 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.39
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1Participants will rate their enjoyment in terms of the delivery method and the intervention. This will include questions such as 'Did you like the video instruction for sun salutations?', 'Would you recommend this activity to your family and friends?' Participants had a dichotomous response choice of "yes" or "no". A composite score was calculated as an average across X items. Range of the composite score: 0 to 1. A higher score indicates higher enjoyment.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
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Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
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|---|---|---|---|
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Rating of Enjoyment and Intervention
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.74 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .13
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—
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—
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Day 1Participants from the yoga group only will rate the technology used to deliver the intervention, in terms of its ease of use and usability. The items are based on the Technology Acceptance Model and will include questions such as 'The Yoga video was clear and understandable.' Response ranges from 1 to 6, and a composite score is reported as an average of the responses. Range of the composite score: 1 (min) - 6 (max). Higher scores represent better technology usability.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Sun Salutations
n=25 Participants
Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
|
Aerobic Exercise
Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
|
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
|
|---|---|---|---|
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Rating of Technology Ease of Use and Usability
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5.87 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
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—
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—
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Adverse Events
Sun Salutations
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Aerobic Exercise
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Seated Rest (Attentional Control)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Sean P Mullen
University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
Phone: 217-244-4502
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place