Trial Outcomes & Findings for WIC-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Eating Among Low-Income Mothers (NCT NCT04038385)
NCT ID: NCT04038385
Last Updated: 2021-12-23
Results Overview
Vegetable intake was objectively assessed using a reflection spectroscopy device (the Veggie Meter) to measure the level of carotenoid pigments in participants' skin (scores can range from 0 to 800). Higher scores indicate a better outcomes (higher carotenoid levels).
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
297 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
3 months
Results posted on
2021-12-23
Participant Flow
Recruitment occurred from June 3, 2019, to August 1, 2019. Participants were recruited via telephone (prior to forthcoming appointments with WIC) and in person at collaborating WIC agency sites.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Intervention
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
160
|
137
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
143
|
130
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
17
|
7
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Intervention
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
Completed baseline assessment only
|
7
|
4
|
|
Overall Study
Moved out of area
|
4
|
2
|
|
Overall Study
Discontinued study involvement
|
6
|
1
|
Baseline Characteristics
Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Intervention
n=160 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
Total
n=297 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
30.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 • n=160 Participants
|
33.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9 • n=137 Participants
|
31.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 • n=297 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
159 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
137 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
296 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
1 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
115 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
102 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
217 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
45 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
35 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
80 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
12 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
26 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
7 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
4 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
111 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
79 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
190 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
160 participants
n=160 Participants
|
137 participants
n=137 Participants
|
297 participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Nativity
US-born
|
52 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
88 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Nativity
Foreign-born
|
108 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
101 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
209 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Place of Birth (Foreign-Born)
Dominican Republic
|
57 Participants
n=108 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
12 Participants
n=101 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
69 Participants
n=209 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Place of Birth (Foreign-Born)
Ecuador
|
2 Participants
n=108 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
25 Participants
n=101 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
27 Participants
n=209 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Place of Birth (Foreign-Born)
Mexico
|
7 Participants
n=108 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
19 Participants
n=101 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
26 Participants
n=209 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Place of Birth (Foreign-Born)
Other birthplace
|
42 Participants
n=108 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
45 Participants
n=101 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
87 Participants
n=209 Participants • Place of birth was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Language Preference (Foreign-Born)
English
|
24 Participants
n=108 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
22 Participants
n=101 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
46 Participants
n=209 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Language Preference (Foreign-Born)
Spanish
|
78 Participants
n=108 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
76 Participants
n=101 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
154 Participants
n=209 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Language Preference (Foreign-Born)
Other
|
6 Participants
n=108 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
3 Participants
n=101 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
9 Participants
n=209 Participants • Language preference was assessed among the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Years in U.S. (Foreign-Born)
|
10.4 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0 • n=108 Participants • Years in U.S. was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
11.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.3 • n=101 Participants • Years in U.S. was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
10.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.6 • n=209 Participants • Years in U.S. was assessed in the subgroup of participants who were foreign-born (n = 209).
|
|
Pregnancy Status
Not pregnant
|
130 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
113 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
243 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Pregnancy Status
Pregnant
|
30 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
54 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Breastfeeding Status
Not breastfeeding
|
131 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
93 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
224 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Breastfeeding Status
Breastfeeding
|
29 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
44 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
73 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
Some high school or less
|
25 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
61 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
High school diploma or equivalent
|
57 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
46 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
103 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
More than high school
|
78 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
55 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
133 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Car Ownership
Did not own a reliable car
|
70 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
52 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
122 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Car Ownership
Owned a reliable car
|
90 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
85 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
175 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Car Access: Ease of Borrowing a Car (If Not Owned)
Very difficult
|
41 Participants
n=70 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
14 Participants
n=52 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
55 Participants
n=122 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
|
Car Access: Ease of Borrowing a Car (If Not Owned)
Difficult
|
14 Participants
n=70 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
18 Participants
n=52 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
32 Participants
n=122 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
|
Car Access: Ease of Borrowing a Car (If Not Owned)
Medium
|
4 Participants
n=70 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
7 Participants
n=52 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
11 Participants
n=122 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
|
Car Access: Ease of Borrowing a Car (If Not Owned)
Easy
|
9 Participants
n=70 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
10 Participants
n=52 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
19 Participants
n=122 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
|
Car Access: Ease of Borrowing a Car (If Not Owned)
Very Easy
|
2 Participants
n=70 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
3 Participants
n=52 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
5 Participants
n=122 Participants • Ease of borrowing a car was assessed among the subgroup of participants who did not own a car (n = 122).
|
|
Car Access: How Often Can Use Car (If Owned)
Never
|
10 Participants
n=90 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
6 Participants
n=85 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
16 Participants
n=175 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
|
Car Access: How Often Can Use Car (If Owned)
Rarely
|
3 Participants
n=90 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
6 Participants
n=85 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
9 Participants
n=175 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
|
Car Access: How Often Can Use Car (If Owned)
Sometimes
|
14 Participants
n=90 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
12 Participants
n=85 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
26 Participants
n=175 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
|
Car Access: How Often Can Use Car (If Owned)
Often
|
8 Participants
n=90 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
14 Participants
n=85 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
22 Participants
n=175 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
|
Car Access: How Often Can Use Car (If Owned)
Always
|
55 Participants
n=90 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
47 Participants
n=85 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
102 Participants
n=175 Participants • How often can use car was assessed in the subgroup of participants who owned a car (n = 175).
|
|
Supplement Use
Not taking supplements
|
84 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
61 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
145 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Supplement Use
Taking supplements
|
76 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
76 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
152 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Smoking Status
Not at all
|
147 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
127 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
274 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Smoking Status
Some days
|
7 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Smoking Status
Every day
|
3 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Smoking Status
Not reported
|
3 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Past 7-Day Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
No
|
127 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
124 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
251 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Past 7-Day Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
Yes
|
33 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
44 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Past 7-Day Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
Not reported
|
0 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Food Security Status
Food secure
|
91 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
83 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
174 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Food Security Status
Food insecure
|
65 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
53 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
118 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Food Security Status
Not reported
|
4 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines
No
|
59 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
64 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
123 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines
Yes
|
101 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
73 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
174 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Body Mass Index
|
29.5 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=129 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of BMI (analysis sample size= 242).
|
29.4 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=113 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of BMI (analysis sample size= 242).
|
29.4 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 • n=242 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of BMI (analysis sample size= 242).
|
|
Weight Status
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)
|
4 Participants
n=129 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
3 Participants
n=113 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
7 Participants
n=242 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
|
Weight Status
Normal (BMI 18.5 to < 25)
|
28 Participants
n=129 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
26 Participants
n=113 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
54 Participants
n=242 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
|
Weight Status
Overweight (BMI 25 to < 30)
|
44 Participants
n=129 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
44 Participants
n=113 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
88 Participants
n=242 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
|
Weight Status
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)
|
53 Participants
n=129 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
40 Participants
n=113 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
93 Participants
n=242 Participants • Because weight and height were measured at the time of study entry, among pregnant participants, weight and height before pregnancy, and correspondingly, pre-pregnancy BMI could not be determined. Pregnant women (n = 54) were therefore excluded from analyses of weight status (analysis sample size= 242).
|
|
Social Desirability Trait
|
1.41 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.75 • n=160 Participants
|
3.22 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.51 • n=137 Participants
|
2.25 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.88 • n=297 Participants
|
|
Children in the Household Aged 2-5 Years
None
|
28 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
56 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Children in the Household Aged 2-5 Years
One
|
119 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
97 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
216 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Children in the Household Aged 2-5 Years
Two
|
13 Participants
n=160 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=137 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=297 Participants
|
|
Vegetable Intake Carotenoid Scores
|
265.17 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 87.57 • n=160 Participants
|
274.61 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 105.5 • n=137 Participants
|
269.54 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 96.24 • n=297 Participants
|
|
Self-Reported Vegetable Intake
|
1.46 Cups per day of vegetables consumed
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.07 • n=160 Participants
|
1.52 Cups per day of vegetables consumed
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.07 • n=137 Participants
|
1.49 Cups per day of vegetables consumed
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.07 • n=297 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsPopulation: For vegetable intake carotenoid scores, analysis sample sizes were 137 in the intervention group and 124 in the control group. In the intervention group, 13 of the original 160 participants competed the baseline assessment only, 4 moved out of the area, and 6 discontinued their study involvement. In the control group, 10 of the original 137 participants completed the baseline assessment only, 2 moved out of the area, and 1 discontinued their study involvement).
Vegetable intake was objectively assessed using a reflection spectroscopy device (the Veggie Meter) to measure the level of carotenoid pigments in participants' skin (scores can range from 0 to 800). Higher scores indicate a better outcomes (higher carotenoid levels).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=124 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Intake Carotenoid Scores at 3 Months
|
227.11 units on a scale
Standard Error 9.91
|
269.98 units on a scale
Standard Error 10.06
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: For vegetable intake carotenoid scores, sample sizes were 137 in the intervention group and 124 in the control group. In the intervention group, 13 of the original 160 participants competed the baseline assessment only, 4 moved out of the area, and 6 discontinued their study involvement. In the control group, 10 of the original 137 participants completed the baseline assessment only, 2 moved out of the area, and 1 discontinued their study involvement.
Vegetable intake was objectively assessed using a reflection spectroscopy device (the Veggie Meter) to measure the level of carotenoid pigments in participants' skin (scores can range from 0 to 800). Higher scores indicate a better outcomes (higher carotenoid levels).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=124 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Intake Carotenoid Scores at 6 Months
|
236.01 units on a scale
Standard Error 9.77
|
212.10 units on a scale
Standard Error 9.79
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with one of two items in a screening instrument developed by the National Cancer Institute. Participants reported the number of cups of vegetables (including 100% vegetable juice) they ate or drank each day (range 0-7). Higher numbers represent a better outcome (higher cups/day of vegetables consumed).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-Reported Vegetable Intake at 3 Months
|
1.78 Cups per day
Standard Error 0.11
|
1.84 Cups per day
Standard Error 0.12
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with one of two items in a screening instrument developed by the National Cancer Institute. Participants reported the number of cups of vegetables (including 100% vegetable juice) they ate or drank each day (range 0-7). Higher numbers represent a better outcome (higher cups/day of vegetables consumed).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-Reported Vegetable Intake at 6 Months
|
1.83 Cups per day
Standard Error 0.11
|
1.55 Cups per day
Standard Error 0.12
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsObjectively assessed using data provided by the collaborating WIC agency. WIC reported whether participants redeemed any FMNP vouchers (yes or no) from baseline to 6 months.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=160 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Redeemed Any Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) Vouchers at 6 Months
|
139 Participants
|
38 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed via self-report with an item from the National Cancer Institute's Food, Attitudes, and Behaviors (FAB) survey. Based on their responses, participants were classified as knowledgeable of the recommended cups per day (yes or no).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Knowledge of Vegetable Intake Recommendations at 3 Months
|
10 Participants
|
4 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed via self-report with an item from the National Cancer Institute's Food, Attitudes, and Behaviors (FAB) survey. Based on their responses, participants were classified as knowledgeable of the recommended cups per day (yes or no).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Knowledge of Vegetable Intake Recommendations at 6 Months
|
10 Participants
|
4 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with items from the Healthy Home Survey. Participants reported the number of fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables they had at home. Responses were summed across items to derive a total score (range 0-23). Higher scores indicate a better outcome (a higher number of vegetables at home).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Home Vegetable Availability (Quantity) at 3 Months
|
5.3 Number of vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
7.1 Number of vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with items from the Healthy Home Survey. Participants reported the number of fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables they had at home. Responses were summed across items to derive a total score (range 0-23). Higher scores indicate a better outcome (a higher number of vegetables at home).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Home Vegetable Availability (Quantity) at 6 Months
|
5.6 Number of vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
6.3 Number of vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with items from the Healthy Home Survey. Participants reported the number of fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables they had at home. The number of different (unique) vegetables reported was summed across items to derive a total score (range 0-21). Higher scores indicate a better outcome (a greater variety of vegetables at home).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Home Vegetable Availability (Variety) at 3 Months
|
5.0 Number of different vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
6.5 Number of different vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with items from the Healthy Home Survey. Participants reported the number of fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables they had at home. The number of different (unique) vegetables reported was summed to derive a total score (range 0-21). Higher scores indicate a better outcome (a greater variety of vegetables at home).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Home Vegetable Availability (Variety) at 6 Months
|
5.2 Number of different vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
5.9 Number of different vegetables at home
Standard Error 0.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with a single item (the Preference Rating Measure) querying overall, how much the participant likes the taste of vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from not at all to a lot). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (stronger vegetable taste preferences).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Taste Preferences at 3 Months
|
6.3 score on a 7-point scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
6.3 score on a 7-point scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with a single item (the Preference Rating Measure) querying overall, how much the participant likes the taste of vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from not at all to a lot). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (stronger vegetable taste preferences).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Taste Preferences at 6 Months
|
6.3 score on a 7-point scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
6.5 score on a 7-point scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed via items from the Eating Among Teens and Young Adults Study (EAT)-II Survey (Laska et al., 2011). Participants reported how often, in the past month, they 1) bought fresh vegetables, 2) prepared a vegetable salad, and 3) prepared a dinner with vegetables. Responses were on a 5-point scale ranging from never to more than once a week. Ratings were summed across items to derive a total score. Scores can range from 1 to 15. Higher scores represent a better outcome (frequent use of the practices).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Preparation Practices at 3 Months
|
12.6 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
13.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed via items from the Eating Among Teens and Young Adults Study (EAT)-II Survey (Laska et al., 2011). Participants reported how often, in the past month, they 1) bought fresh vegetables, 2) prepared a vegetable salad, and 3) prepared a dinner with vegetables. Responses were on a 5-point scale ranging from never to more than once a week. Ratings were summed across items to derive a total score. Scores can range from 1 to 15. Higher scores represent a better outcome (frequent use of the practices).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Preparation Practices at 6 Months
|
12.5 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
12.4 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed via a single item (the Preparation Skills Rating Measure) querying how the participant would rate his or her overall skill in preparing vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from poor to excellent). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater vegetable preparation skills).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Preparation Skills at 3 Months
|
5.7 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
6.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed via a single item (the Preparation Skills Rating Measure) querying how the participant would rate his or her overall skill in preparing vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from poor to excellent). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater vegetable preparation skills).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Vegetable Preparation Skills at 6 Months
|
5.6 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
5.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed via a single item (the Social Support Rating Measure) querying how much others support the participant to consume vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from not at all to a lot). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater social support for vegetable consumption).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Social Support for Vegetable Consumption at 3 Months
|
5.9 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
5.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed via a single item (the Social Support Rating Measure) querying how much others support the participant to consume vegetables (on a 7-point scale ranging from not at all to a lot). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater social support for vegetable consumption).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Social Support for Vegetable Consumption at 6 Months
|
6.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
5.9 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with a validated measure used to evaluate the Stellar Farmers' Market program (Dannefer et al., 2015). Participants rated how much they agreed or disagreed with statements designed to measure confidence in the ability to prepare and consume fresh produce. Item ratings are on a 4-point scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). Ratings were summed across items to derive a total score. Scores can range from 5 to 20. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater self-efficacy for vegetable consumption).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-efficacy for Vegetable Consumption at 3 Months
|
15.4 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
15.3 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with a validated measure used to evaluate the Stellar Farmers' Market program (Dannefer et al., 2015). Participants rated how much they agreed or disagreed with statements designed to measure confidence in the ability to prepare and consume fresh produce. Item ratings are on a 4-point scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). Ratings were summed across items to derive a total score. Scores can range from 5 to 20. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater self-efficacy for vegetable consumption).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Self-efficacy for Vegetable Consumption at 6 Months
|
15.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
16.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsPopulation: For weight status, sample sizes were 137 in the intervention group and 124 in the control group. In the intervention group, 13 of the original 160 participants competed the baseline assessment only, 4 moved out of the area, and 6 discontinued their study involvement. In the control group, 10 of the original 137 participants completed the baseline assessment only, 2 moved out of the area, and 1 discontinued their study involvement.
Height and weight were measured by trained research staff with participants wearing light clothing without shoes. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=124 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Body Mass Index at 3 Months
|
30.3 kg/m2
Standard Error 0.4
|
29.4 kg/m2
Standard Error 0.4
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: For weight status, sample sizes were 137 in the intervention group and 124 in the control group. In the intervention group, 13 of the original 160 participants competed the baseline assessment only, 4 moved out of the area, and 6 discontinued their study involvement. In the control group, 10 of the original 137 participants completed the baseline assessment only, 2 moved out of the area, and 1 discontinued their study involvement.
Height and weight were measured by trained research staff with participants wearing light clothing without shoes. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=124 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Body Mass Index at 6 Months
|
29.9 kg/m2
Standard Error 0.4
|
29.9 kg/m2
Standard Error 0.4
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 3 monthsAssessed with a validated 2-item measure (the Brief Physical Activity Assessment Tool or BPAAT \[Marshall et al., 2005\]). The instrument consists of two questions, one that assesses the frequency and duration of vigorous intensity physical activity and one that assesses the frequency and duration of moderate intensity physical activity undertaken in a usual week. A scoring algorithm is used to derive a total score (scores can range from 0 to 8). Participants are classified as meeting current physical activity guidelines (yes or no) based on the scores (a score greater than or equal to 4 indicates that the participant is meeting current physical activity guidelines, whereas a score between 0 and 3 indicates that the participant is not).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Met Physical Activity Guidelines at 3 Months
|
94 Participants
|
83 Participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsAssessed with a validated 2-item measure (the Brief Physical Activity Assessment Tool or BPAAT \[Marshall et al., 2005\]). The instrument consists of two questions, one that assesses the frequency and duration of vigorous intensity physical activity and one that assesses the frequency and duration of moderate intensity physical activity undertaken in a usual week. A scoring algorithm is used to derive a total score (scores can range from 0 to 8). Participants are classified as meeting current physical activity guidelines (yes/no) based on the scores (a score greater than or equal to 4 indicates that the participant is meeting current physical activity guidelines, whereas a score between 0 and 3 indicates that the participant is not).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=143 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=130 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Met Physical Activity Guidelines at 6 Months
|
97 Participants
|
91 Participants
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsObjectively assessed using data provided by the collaborating WIC agency. WIC reported whether participants redeemed any cash value vouchers at farmers' markets (yes or no) between baseline and 6 months.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=160 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
n=137 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Participants Who Redeemed Any Cash Value Vouchers or CVV at Farmers' Markets at 6 Months
|
12 Participants
|
0 Participants
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: Satisfaction was measured among the subgroup of participants who received the intervention (n = 160). Of this number, 128 completed the measure of overall satisfaction with program.
Assessed via a single item (the Overall Satisfaction Rating Measure) querying how satisfied intervention recipients were with the intervention (on a 7-point scale ranging from very dissatisfied to very satisfied). Scores can range from 1 to 7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater overall satisfaction).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=128 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Satisfaction With Intervention
|
6.8 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.6
|
—
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: Satisfaction was measured among the subgroup of participants who received the intervention (n = 160). Of this number, 128 completed the satisfaction measure.
Assessed with a 5-item measure developed by the investigators querying how satisfied intervention recipients were with the intervention. Item responses were on a 7-point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Scores were averaged across items to derive a total score. Scores can range from 1 to7. Higher scores represent a better outcome (greater satisfaction with the intervention).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Intervention
n=128 Participants
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC and an intervention that will combine behaviorally-focused nutrition education with 1) the establishment of a WIC-based farmers' market (implemented in 2019 during the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program voucher issuance period \[June 19 to August 19\]), and 2) monthly trips to an area farmers' market and local supermarket (between September 1, 2019 and November 30, 2019 \[the end of the local growing season\]).
Multilevel Behavioral Intervention: Behaviorally-focused intervention grounded in the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of seasonal Farmers' Market Nutrition Program vouchers and monthly Cash Value Vouchers provided to WIC participants to purchase fruits and vegetables.
|
Control
This group will receive routine services provided by WIC only.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Satisfaction With Intervention
|
6.8 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.5
|
—
|
Adverse Events
Intervention
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Control
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Jennifer Di Noia, PhD, Principal Investigator
William Paterson University, Sociology Department
Phone: 19737203714
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place