A Study of Efficacy of Benzoyl Peroxide Regimens in Treatment of Unpleasant Foot Odor
NCT ID: NCT04000347
Last Updated: 2022-09-15
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
WITHDRAWN
Clinical Phase
PHASE4
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2019-06-26
Study Completion Date
2022-04-01
Brief Summary
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This study aimed to study the efficacy of topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide, compared to 5% benzoyl peroxide in treatment of unpleasant foot odor, which was considered as major problem related to pitted keratolysis.
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Detailed Description
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Introduction Pitted keratolysis is a common skin disease, caused by various gram-positive bacteria including Corynebacterium species, Kytococcus sedentarius, Dermophilus congolensis and Actinomyces species. These bacteria create small tunnels in the stratum corneum, causing pitted lesions at plantar areas. This condition is frequent accompanied by feet malodor and is commonly found in young male adults, especially in soldiers, miners and athletes. The reported prevalence of pitted keratolysis among naval cadets in Thailand was 38.7%. Predisposing factors related to pitted keratolysis are pedal hyperhidrosis and prolonged feet occlusion. Although this condition is generally not painful, our previous study in 2018 revealed adversely affects patients' quality of life.
Regarding treatment modalities of pitted keratolysis, various medications and life-style modification have been recommended. Previous studies revealed efficacy of topical choices, including benzoyl peroxide gel, clindamycin-benzoyl peroxide gel, glycopyrrolate cream,9 erythromycin gel, clindamycin solution, chlorhexidine scrub4 and mupirocin ointment. Oral antibiotics and botulinum toxin injection were also beneficial in pitted keratolysis. As to life-style modification, wearing cotton socks and opened footwear, and proper hygiene, have also been suggested.
Topical benzoyl peroxide is an over-the-counter drug and is known as off-label medication for pitted keratolysis. It has both aerobic and anaerobic antibacterial properties due to inhibition of various cell functions and the response against bacteria is dose related.15 In addition to antibacterial property, benzoyl peroxide can cause keratolysis. Previous studies by Vlahovic et al. (2009) and Balic et al. (2018) demonstrated efficacy of combination of 1% clindamycin and 5% benzoyl peroxide gel in pitted keratolysis. However, study of efficacy of topical benzoyl peroxide alone or comparison between 2.5% and 5% benzoyl peroxide gel for the treatment of pitted keratolysis is currently limited.
Objective The present study aimed to study the efficacy of topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide, compared to 5% benzoyl peroxide in treatment of unpleasant foot odor, which was considered as major problem related to pitted keratolysis.
Material and Methods First-year naval rating cadets, who had pedal malodor were invited to enroll in this study. The cadets who previously received any topical treatment including topical antibiotic, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride within 6 months prior to the study were excluded. Consent was informed and obtained from all participants. Participants were assessed for behavioral risk factors and level of foot odor measured by a self-assessed visual analogue scale (VAS), using questionnaires. Clinically examination of feet was done in all subjects by treatment-blinded dermatologists. Subjects were randomly assigned either 2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel or 5% benzoyl peroxide gel for 2 weeks. Benzoyl peroxide gel in this study comprised benzoyl peroxide in a gel base. During the study, using of other topical treatment such as topical antibiotics, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride was not allowed. Participants were advised to apply the drug on their both soles once per day before bedtime to leave it on and were able to regularly participate in physical military training during the study. Two weeks after the treatment, clinical examinations by dermatologists and the cadets' self-assessment questionnaires, including feet odor by using VAS, treatment satisfaction and adverse effects, were used to evaluate the effectiveness. Pitted lesions improvement at plantar areas, evaluated by dermatologists, was divided into no improvement, slight improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for 1 level) and much improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for at least 2 level). Data were analyzed using PASW Statistics version 18 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Duration of study: 3 months Study design: Randomized control trial
Regarding treatment modalities of pitted keratolysis, various medications and life-style modification have been recommended. Previous studies revealed efficacy of topical choices, including benzoyl peroxide gel, clindamycin-benzoyl peroxide gel, glycopyrrolate cream,9 erythromycin gel, clindamycin solution, chlorhexidine scrub4 and mupirocin ointment. Oral antibiotics and botulinum toxin injection were also beneficial in pitted keratolysis. As to life-style modification, wearing cotton socks and opened footwear, and proper hygiene, have also been suggested.
Topical benzoyl peroxide is an over-the-counter drug and is known as off-label medication for pitted keratolysis. It has both aerobic and anaerobic antibacterial properties due to inhibition of various cell functions and the response against bacteria is dose related.15 In addition to antibacterial property, benzoyl peroxide can cause keratolysis. Previous studies by Vlahovic et al. (2009) and Balic et al. (2018) demonstrated efficacy of combination of 1% clindamycin and 5% benzoyl peroxide gel in pitted keratolysis. However, study of efficacy of topical benzoyl peroxide alone or comparison between 2.5% and 5% benzoyl peroxide gel for the treatment of pitted keratolysis is currently limited.
Objective The present study aimed to study the efficacy of topical 2.5% benzoyl peroxide, compared to 5% benzoyl peroxide in treatment of unpleasant foot odor, which was considered as major problem related to pitted keratolysis.
Material and Methods First-year naval rating cadets, who had pedal malodor were invited to enroll in this study. The cadets who previously received any topical treatment including topical antibiotic, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride within 6 months prior to the study were excluded. Consent was informed and obtained from all participants. Participants were assessed for behavioral risk factors and level of foot odor measured by a self-assessed visual analogue scale (VAS), using questionnaires. Clinically examination of feet was done in all subjects by treatment-blinded dermatologists. Subjects were randomly assigned either 2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel or 5% benzoyl peroxide gel for 2 weeks. Benzoyl peroxide gel in this study comprised benzoyl peroxide in a gel base. During the study, using of other topical treatment such as topical antibiotics, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride was not allowed. Participants were advised to apply the drug on their both soles once per day before bedtime to leave it on and were able to regularly participate in physical military training during the study. Two weeks after the treatment, clinical examinations by dermatologists and the cadets' self-assessment questionnaires, including feet odor by using VAS, treatment satisfaction and adverse effects, were used to evaluate the effectiveness. Pitted lesions improvement at plantar areas, evaluated by dermatologists, was divided into no improvement, slight improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for 1 level) and much improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for at least 2 level). Data were analyzed using PASW Statistics version 18 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Duration of study: 3 months Study design: Randomized control trial
Conditions
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Benzoyl Peroxide
Foot Dermatoses
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
SINGLE
Participants
Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor) Single blind controlled trial between participants, drug preparing team, doctors, investigators, and outcome assessors.
Study Groups
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2.5% benzoyl peroxide
43 patients with 2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel
Intervention Type
DRUG
2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel was given to patients for 2 weeks
5% benzoyl peroxide
43 patients with 5% benzoyl peroxide gel
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
5% benzoyl peroxide gel
Intervention Type
DRUG
5% benzoyl peroxide gel was given to patients for 2 weeks
Interventions
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2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel
2.5% benzoyl peroxide gel was given to patients for 2 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
5% benzoyl peroxide gel
5% benzoyl peroxide gel was given to patients for 2 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* First-year naval rating cadets, who had pedal malodor
Exclusion Criteria
* The cadets who previously received any topical treatment including topical antibiotic, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride within 6 months prior to the study.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
MALE
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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Mahidol University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Locations
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Department of Dermatology Siriraj Hospital
Bangkok, , Thailand
Site Status
Countries
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Thailand
References
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de Almeida HL Jr, Siqueira RN, Meireles Rda S, Rampon G, de Castro LA, Silva RM. Pitted keratolysis. An Bras Dermatol. 2016 Jan-Feb;91(1):106-8. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164096.
Reference Type
RESULT
Makhecha M, Dass S, Singh T, Gandhi R, Yadav T, Rathod D. Pitted keratolysis - a study of various clinical manifestations. Int J Dermatol. 2017 Nov;56(11):1154-1160. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13744. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
Reference Type
RESULT
van der Snoek EM, Ekkelenkamp MB, Suykerbuyk JC. Pitted keratolysis; physicians' treatment and their perceptions in Dutch army personnel. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Sep;27(9):1120-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04674.x. Epub 2012 Aug 7.
Reference Type
RESULT
Leeyaphan C, Bunyaratavej S, Taychakhoonavudh S, Kulthanachairojana N, Pattanaprichakul P, Chanyachailert P, Ongsri P, Arunkajohnsak S, Limphoka P, Kulthanan K. Cost-effectiveness analysis and safety of erythromycin 4% gel and 4% chlorhexidine scrub for pitted keratolysis treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019 Sep;30(6):627-629. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1543846. Epub 2018 Dec 11.
Reference Type
RESULT
Vlahovic TC, Dunn SP, Kemp K. The use of a clindamycin 1%-benzoyl peroxide 5% topical gel in the treatment of pitted keratolysis: a novel therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2009 Dec;22(12):564-6. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000363468.18117.fe. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Bunyaratavej S, Leeyaphan C, Chanyachailert P, Pattanaprichakul P, Ongsri P, Kulthanan K. Clinical manifestations, risk factors and quality of life in patients with pitted keratolysis: a cross-sectional study in cadets. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Nov;179(5):1220-1221. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16923. Epub 2018 Sep 14. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Burkhart CG. Pitted keratolysis: a new form of treatment. Arch Dermatol. 1980 Oct;116(10):1104. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Balic A, Bukvic Mokos Z, Marinovic B, Ledic Drvar D. Tatami Mats: A Source of Pitted Keratolysis in a Martial Arts Athlete? Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2018 Apr;26(1):68-70.
Reference Type
RESULT
Kontochristopoulos G, Sidiropoulou P, Tzanetakou V, Markantoni V, Platsidaki E, Agiasofitou E, Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S. Managing pitted keratolysis: consider topical glycopyrrolate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2019 Aug;44(6):713-714. doi: 10.1111/ced.13851. Epub 2018 Dec 4. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Pranteda G, Carlesimo M, Pranteda G, Abruzzese C, Grimaldi M, De Micco S, Muscianese M, Bottoni U. Pitted keratolysis, erythromycin, and hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;27(2):101-4. doi: 10.1111/dth.12064. Epub 2013 May 24.
Reference Type
RESULT
Greywal T, Cohen PR. Pitted keratolysis: successful management with mupirocin 2% ointment monotherapy. Dermatol Online J. 2015 Aug 15;21(8):13030/qt6155v9wk.
Reference Type
RESULT
Vazquez-Lopez F, Perez-Oliva N. Mupirocine ointment for symptomatic pitted keratolysis. Infection. 1996 Jan-Feb;24(1):55. doi: 10.1007/BF01780656. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Tamura BM, Cuce LC, Souza RL, Levites J. Plantar hyperhidrosis and pitted keratolysis treated with botulinum toxin injection. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Dec;30(12 Pt 2):1510-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30553.x.
Reference Type
RESULT
Matin T, Patel P, Goodman MB. Benzoyl Peroxide. 2024 Mar 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537220/
Reference Type
RESULT
Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Antibacterial properties of benzoyl peroxide in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2006 Nov;45(11):1373-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02877.x. No abstract available.
Reference Type
RESULT
Other Identifiers
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benzoylperoxide_PK
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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