Trial Outcomes & Findings for Impact of Challenging Engagement on Cognition in Older Adults (NCT NCT03962439)
NCT ID: NCT03962439
Last Updated: 2025-06-19
Results Overview
Cognitive function will be measured using an episodic memory composite score. This score is composed of three tasks that measure episodic memory: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Picture Sequence Memory Test, Woodcock-Johnson Memory for names, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. A normalized distribution of the dependent variables from these measures will be created by applying a rank-ordered and standardized Blom transformation to pretest and posttest scores. The transformed standardized scores will then be averaged to create the episodic memory composite score. Cronbach's alpha will be calculated to test the internal reliability of the episodic memory construct. These measurements will be taken at baseline, and then following the intervention at week 16. A greater change score (week 16 - baseline), which is reported here, would indicate improved episodic memory (range: -1.2 to 1.2).
TERMINATED
NA
50 participants
Baseline and 16 weeks
2025-06-19
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
17
|
15
|
18
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
17
|
15
|
18
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Impact of Challenging Engagement on Cognition in Older Adults
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
Total
n=50 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
3 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
14 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
41 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
68.71 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.07 • n=93 Participants
|
68.20 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.05 • n=4 Participants
|
69.72 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.19 • n=27 Participants
|
68.92 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.06 • n=483 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
11 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
6 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
2 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
15 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
41 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=27 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=483 Participants
|
|
Episodic Memory
|
0.13 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.69 • n=93 Participants
|
-0.09 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.77 • n=4 Participants
|
-0.04 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.63 • n=27 Participants
|
0 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.68 • n=483 Participants
|
|
Speed of Processing
|
0.17 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.95 • n=93 Participants
|
0.15 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.49 • n=4 Participants
|
-0.28 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 • n=27 Participants
|
0 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.83 • n=483 Participants
|
|
Reasoning
|
0.12 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.74 • n=93 Participants
|
-0.08 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 • n=4 Participants
|
-0.05 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 • n=27 Participants
|
0 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.83 • n=483 Participants
|
|
Working Memory
|
0.18 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.93 • n=93 Participants
|
0.01 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.99 • n=4 Participants
|
-0.19 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.78 • n=27 Participants
|
0.00 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 • n=483 Participants
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
|
0.12 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.61 • n=93 Participants
|
-0.09 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.23 • n=4 Participants
|
-0.04 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.84 • n=27 Participants
|
0.00 scores on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.90 • n=483 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksCognitive function will be measured using an episodic memory composite score. This score is composed of three tasks that measure episodic memory: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Picture Sequence Memory Test, Woodcock-Johnson Memory for names, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. A normalized distribution of the dependent variables from these measures will be created by applying a rank-ordered and standardized Blom transformation to pretest and posttest scores. The transformed standardized scores will then be averaged to create the episodic memory composite score. Cronbach's alpha will be calculated to test the internal reliability of the episodic memory construct. These measurements will be taken at baseline, and then following the intervention at week 16. A greater change score (week 16 - baseline), which is reported here, would indicate improved episodic memory (range: -1.2 to 1.2).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean Change in Episodic Memory Function
Baseline score
|
0.13 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
-0.09 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
-0.04 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.63
|
|
Mean Change in Episodic Memory Function
Week 16 score
|
0.24 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
0.28 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
0.13 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
|
Mean Change in Episodic Memory Function
Change score (Week 16 - Baseline)
|
0.12 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.42
|
0.38 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.42
|
0.17 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.51
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksPopulation: As described in more detail in the Limitations and Caveats section for this project, this study was terminated early. Because of the time-intensive nature of processing imaging data, data for this measure were not processed and could not be reported.
Brain activity drawn from four brain regions associated with effortful processing and memory-cingulate, precuneus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior temporal gyrus-will be measured using fMRI. The primary fMRI task involves making living/nonliving judgments to presented words. Participants view a series of 128 nouns for 2500 ms each and judge whether each noun refers to a living or non-living item with a button press (yes or no). Half the words are living and half non-living. Moreover, half of the items within each category are easy to classify (e.g., LION or RADIO) or hard to classify (e.g., VIRUS or ZOMBIE), based on the categorical ambiguity of the item. This task measures modulation capacity between ambiguous and non-ambiguous words, where high modulation reflects greater neural efficiency and low modulation reflects poorer neural efficiency. These measurements will be taken at baseline, and then following the intervention (16 weeks later).
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksSpeed of processing is a construct that measures how rapidly individuals can process information. In the digit comparison task, participants have 45s to decide whether two strings of numbers are the same or different. The dependent variable (DV) is the number of items compared correctly summed across sections. In the WAIS Digit Symbol Task, participants are shown nine geometric symbols that are each assigned a digit from 1-9. Participants are then presented with randomized digits and asked to draw the corresponding symbol below each digit as quickly as possible for 90s. The DV is the number of items matched correctly in 90s. The NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison task asks participants to discern whether two side-by-side pictures are the same or not. The DV is the number of items correct in a 90s period. These scores were standardized and averaged using a Blom transformation, and a greater change score (week 16 - baseline), reported here, would indicate improved speed (range: -.7 to 1).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Speed of Processing
Baseline score
|
0.17 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.95
|
0.15 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.49
|
-0.28 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
|
|
Speed of Processing
Week 16 score
|
0.27 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
0.14 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
-0.02 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
|
Speed of Processing
Change score (Week 16 - Baseline)
|
0.11 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.31
|
-0.01 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.36
|
0.26 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.40
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksWorking memory measures the ability of individuals to simultaneously manipulate and store information. The construct was comprised of two tasks that measure working memory: The NIH Toolbox List Sorting Task and the Letter-Number Sequencing Task. These scores were standardized and averaged using Blom transformation to form an index. A greater change score (week 16 - baseline), reported here, would indicate improved working memory (range: -1.3 to 1).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Working Memory
Baseline score
|
0.18 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.93
|
0.01 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
-0.19 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.78
|
|
Working Memory
Change score (Week 16 - baseline)
|
0.03 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
-0.18 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.41
|
0.15 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.55
|
|
Working Memory
Week 16 score
|
0.21 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
-0.17 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.88
|
-0.04 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksReasoning involves an individual's ability to recognize novel patterns and to effectively use these patterns to solve similar problems. In the Raven's Progressive Matrices task, participants are presented with visual patterns that have one piece missing and must determine which pattern out of 6 or 8 options is required to complete the visual pattern. Participants completed 24 problems, and the outcome is the number of items answered correctly in those 15 min. The ETS Letter Sets task involves presenting participants with 5 sets of letters, each set made up of 4 letters and being asked to determine which set of letters does not follow the same rule as the other 4 sets of letters. The outcome is number of items correct minus .25\*(number of items incorrect). These scores were standardized and averaged using Blom transformation to form an index. A greater change score (week 16 - baseline), reported here, would indicate improved reasoning (range: -.7 to 1.5).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Reasoning
Baseline score
|
0.12 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
-0.08 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
|
-0.05 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
|
|
Reasoning
Week 16 score
|
0.31 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
0.29 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
0.19 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
|
Reasoning
Change score (Week 16 - Baseline)
|
0.18 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
0.37 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.35
|
0.24 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.57
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksCrystallized intelligence provides an estimation of the participant's world or vocabulary-based knowledge. This construct was comprised of three tasks: ETS Advanced Vocabulary task, the Shipley Vocabulary task, and The National Adult Reading Test (NART). These scores were standardized and averaged using Blom transformation to form an index. A greater change score (week 16 - baseline), reported here, would indicate improved crystallized intelligence (range: -.7 to .7).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
Week 16 score
|
0.13 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
0.01 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.12
|
0.07 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
Baseline score
|
0.12 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.61
|
-0.09 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
-0.04 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
Change score (Week 16 - baseline)
|
0.003 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.37
|
0.10 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.24
|
0.12 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.28
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksPopulation: As described in more detail in the Limitations and Caveats section for this project, this study was terminated early. Because of the time-intensive nature of processing imaging data, data for this measure were not processed and could not be reported.
The procedures previously described in Chan et al., 2014 will be used to get a single measure of resting-state system segregation (both at baseline and following the intervention). This measure is calculated as the difference between the mean magnitudes of between-system correlations from the within-system correlations as a proportion of mean within-system correlation. Values greater than 0 reflect relatively lower between-system correlations in relation to within-system correlations (i.e., stronger segregation of systems), and values less than 0 reflect higher between-system correlations relative to within-system correlations (i.e., diminished segregation of systems).
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksPopulation: As described in more detail in the Limitations and Caveats section for this project, this study was terminated early. Because of the time-intensive nature of processing imaging data, data for this measure were not processed and could not be reported.
Radial diffusivity measures axonal/myelin damage by assessing water diffusion perpendicular to white matter fibres. Increased diffusivity (as measured in eigenvalues) indicate greater demyelination and therefore lower neural integrity.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksPopulation: As described in more detail in the Limitations and Caveats section for this project, this study was terminated early. Because of the time-intensive nature of processing imaging data, data for this measure were not processed and could not be reported.
Axial diffusivity measures water diffusion that is parallel to white matter fibres. In contrast to radial diffusivity, a decrease in the axial diffusivity metric (in eigenvalues) is indicative of axonal damage.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksPopulation: As described in more detail in the Limitations and Caveats section for this project, this study was terminated early. Because of the time-intensive nature of processing imaging data, data for this measure were not processed and could not be reported.
Fractional anisotropy ranges from 0 to 1, and describes the degree of anisotropy (the property of substances to exhibit variations in physical properties along different axes) of a diffusion process. A value of 0 means that diffusion is isotropic, i.e. it is unrestricted (or equally restricted) in all directions. A value of 1 means that diffusion occurs only along one axis and is fully restricted along all other directions. This measure reflects fibre density, axonal diameter, and myelination in white matter.
Outcome measures
Outcome data not reported
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksThis measure involves showing pictured objects and activities that are thematically related to participants. The pictures are then minimized and moved to boundary of the screen throughout the trial in their fixed spatial order until all of the pictures in the sequence have been displayed. The pictures are then removed from their boundary locations and placed in a random assortment in the center of the screen. Participants are asked to move the pictures back into the sequence demonstrated as accurately as possible. The scores for this task consist of the number of adjacent pairs of pictures remembered correctly over 3 learning trials, with higher scores indicating better performance (range: 1 to 28). These variables factor into the episodic memory composite score (Outcome 1).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
NIH Picture Sequence Memory Test
Baseline score
|
12.65 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 7.14
|
14.73 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 4.57
|
10.50 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 6.81
|
|
NIH Picture Sequence Memory Test
Week 16 score
|
10.59 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 7.1
|
15.73 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 6.90
|
10.11 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 7.13
|
|
NIH Picture Sequence Memory Test
Change score (Week 16 - baseline)
|
-2.06 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 7.09
|
1.00 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 5.94
|
-0.39 total remembered pairs
Standard Deviation 5.32
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksParticipants are shown illustrations of space creatures while being told names for each creature. Participants are asked to recall the names of the space creatures by pointing to their corresponding illustration. Starting with 1 space creature, each trial adds 1 space creature to the list until the participant reaches a total of 12 learned creatures. This task is scored as a sum of the correct responses, with higher scores indicating better performance (range: 23 to 71), and is a variable in the episodic memory composite score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
|
At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Woodcock-Johnson Memory for Names
Baseline score
|
46.53 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 9.91
|
47.60 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 11.27
|
48.50 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 13.74
|
|
Woodcock-Johnson Memory for Names
Week 16 score
|
54.76 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 12.32
|
52.47 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 10.21
|
53.72 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 11.66
|
|
Woodcock-Johnson Memory for Names
Change score (Week 16 - baseline)
|
8.24 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 8.08
|
4.87 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 7.66
|
5.22 total correct responses
Standard Deviation 9.01
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeksThe RAVLT is a test of verbal learning and declarative memory. During the test, 15 nouns are read aloud for 5 consecutive trials. Each trial is followed by a free recall test (participant is asked to recall the words that were just read to them). The sum of correctly recalled words across 5 trials is called the total raw score. On completion of Trial 5, an interference list of 15 words (List B) is presented, followed by a free recall test of that list. After a 20-min delay, the examinee is again required to recall the words from list A - this is called the delay raw score. The raw scores for total items recalled, at list 1 and list 5, and the total for the delay trials are reported below with higher scores indicative of better performance (range: 0 to 15), and are incorporated into the episodic memory composite score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
High-Demand Photography
n=17 Participants
A structured, high-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
High-Demand Photography: The high-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured high-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
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Moderate-Demand Photography
n=15 Participants
A structured, moderate-demand photography course targeting 210 hours of engagement over 16 weeks.
Moderate-Demand Photography: The moderate-demand photography group will receive 2.5 hours of instruction, twice a week, in a structured moderate-demand digital photography course plus 10 hours per week working on a special project at the research site without any formal instruction.
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At-Home Engagement Group
n=18 Participants
Participation, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement.
At-Home Engagement: The placebo control group will engage, alone at home, in tasks that are relatively low in intellectual engagement such as listening to music and radio or completing work-books that rely primarily on activation of knowledge.
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Week 16 delayed score
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9.35 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 3.30
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9.53 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 3.29
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9.89 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.45
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Baseline trial 1 score
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5.94 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.75
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5.53 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.92
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5.56 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.42
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Week 16 trial 1 score
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6.24 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.08
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5.87 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.89
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5.78 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.80
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Trial 1 change score (Week 16 - baseline)
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0.29 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.17
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0.33 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.63
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0.22 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.21
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Baseline trial 5 score
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12.53 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.81
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10.53 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.75
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11.67 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.00
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Week 16 trial 5 score
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12.71 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.80
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11.93 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.79
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11.89 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.88
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Trial 5 change score (Week 16 - baseline)
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0.18 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.78
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1.40 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.97
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0.22 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 1.66
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
Baseline delayed score
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9.24 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 3.63
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7.60 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 3.42
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9.11 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.03
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Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
delayed change score (Week 16 - baseline)
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0.12 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 3.98
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1.93 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.89
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0.78 total items recalled
Standard Deviation 2.37
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Adverse Events
High-Demand Photography
Moderate-Demand Photography
At-Home Engagement Group
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place