Trial Outcomes & Findings for Version 2 of the Smoking Cessation Smartphone App "Smiling Instead of Smoking" (SiS) (NCT NCT03951766)
NCT ID: NCT03951766
Last Updated: 2022-07-26
Results Overview
As rated by app users 6 weeks after their chosen smoking cessation date via open-ended REDCap survey. This survey asks questions concerning feasibility, usefulness, and overall opinions of specific app features. Responses were rated on 4-point Likert-scales with ease-of-use rated with the options 0 = Not easy at all \| 1 = Somewhat easy to use \| 2 = Easy to use \| 3 = Very easy to use, and usefulness rated with the options 0 = Not at all useful \| 1 = Somewhat useful \| 2 = Useful \| 3 = Very useful. For both ease-of-use and usefulness items, scores range from 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating a better opinion of the app features.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
100 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
6 weeks after chosen smoking cessation date
Results posted on
2022-07-26
Participant Flow
Participants were recruited between 06/24/2019 and 11/15/2019. Study recruitment information was displayed on Craigslist, Facebook, Reddit, Smokefree.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov, a study recruitment website at Massachusetts General Hospital, our study website, and websites of local universities. Recruitment was bolstered through word of mouth referrals.
All participants who were enrolled were assigned to the single treatment arm.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking App
This is a pilot study; all participants will use the app in the same manner/time period (i.e., this is a single-arm trial)t.
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2: The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Treatment Phase
STARTED
|
100
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|
Treatment Phase
COMPLETED
|
99
|
|
Treatment Phase
NOT COMPLETED
|
1
|
|
Follow-up Phase
STARTED
|
99
|
|
Follow-up Phase
COMPLETED
|
89
|
|
Follow-up Phase
NOT COMPLETED
|
10
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking App
This is a pilot study; all participants will use the app in the same manner/time period (i.e., this is a single-arm trial)t.
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2: The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Treatment Phase
Lost to Follow-up
|
1
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|
Follow-up Phase
Lost to Follow-up
|
10
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Baseline Characteristics
Version 2 of the Smoking Cessation Smartphone App "Smiling Instead of Smoking" (SiS)
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Age, Continuous
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35.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.4 • n=5 Participants
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Sex/Gender, Customized
Self-reported gender identity · Female
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61 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
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Sex/Gender, Customized
Self-reported gender identity · Male
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39 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
88 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
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Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
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0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
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14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
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75 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
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100 participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Number of days smoked in past 30 days
|
14.7 days
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Number of cigarettes smoked per smoking day
|
4.6 number of cigarettes per day
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.3 • n=5 Participants
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|
Ever smoked daily
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70 Participants
n=5 Participants
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Ever quit before
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77 Participants
n=5 Participants
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PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 weeks after chosen smoking cessation datePopulation: Of the 99 people still active in the trial at the end-of-treatment visit, 4 had missing data for all ease-of-use and helpfulness ratings, and 1-2 people had missing ratings for some but not all items on this questionnaire.
As rated by app users 6 weeks after their chosen smoking cessation date via open-ended REDCap survey. This survey asks questions concerning feasibility, usefulness, and overall opinions of specific app features. Responses were rated on 4-point Likert-scales with ease-of-use rated with the options 0 = Not easy at all \| 1 = Somewhat easy to use \| 2 = Easy to use \| 3 = Very easy to use, and usefulness rated with the options 0 = Not at all useful \| 1 = Somewhat useful \| 2 = Useful \| 3 = Very useful. For both ease-of-use and usefulness items, scores range from 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating a better opinion of the app features.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=95 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Viewing benefits of quitting within the Treasure Chest menu.
|
2.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Completing the positive psychology exercises every day.
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2.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called 3 Good Things.
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2.36 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Savoring.
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2.42 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.79
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Experiencing Kindness.
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2.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.90
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Reliving Happy Moments.
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2.54 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Rose, Thorn and Bud.
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2.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Viewing your past happiness exercises in the Happiness Log.
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2.64 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Viewing Owl Wisdoms within the Treasure Chest menu.
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2.57 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Setting and re-setting your quit day.
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2.51 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Completing the behavioral challenges.
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2.52 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.73
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Accessing and updating your cigarette log.
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2.61 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Accessing the I have a craving feature (Magma Bear game).
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2.32 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Adding and being reminded of your smoke alarms within the Action Plan menu.
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2.37 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Adding and viewing your personal reasons for quitting within the Action Plan menu.
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2.47 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.78
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Viewing strategies for remaining smoke-free within the Action Plan menu.
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2.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
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Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Viewing your earned badges within the Treasure Chest menu.
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2.65 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Ease of use: Viewing benefits of quitting within the Treasure Chest menu.
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2.58 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.61
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Completing the positive psychology exercises every day.
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2.19 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.90
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called 3 Good Things.
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2.23 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Savoring.
|
2.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.95
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Experiencing Kindness.
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2.13 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Reliving Happy Moments.
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2.22 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Specifically, completing the specific exercise called Rose, Thorn and Bud.
|
2.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.96
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Viewing your past happiness exercises within the Happiness Log.
|
2.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.90
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: . Viewing Owl Wisdoms within the Treasure Chest menu.
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2.19 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Setting and re-setting your quit day.
|
2.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Completing the behavioral challenges.
|
2.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.90
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Accessing and updating your cigarette log.
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2.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Using the I have a craving feature (Magma Bear game).
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1.32 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.24
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Adding and being reminded of your smoke alarms within the Action Plan menu.
|
2.08 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.96
|
|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Adding and viewing your personal reasons for quitting within the Action Plan menu.
|
2.34 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Viewing strategies for remaining smoke-free within the Action Plan menu.
|
2.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.86
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|
Ease-of-use and Helpfulness of the App
Usefulness: Viewing your earned badges within the Treasure Chest menu.
|
2.01 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: Some participants had missing data for follow-up time-points. In the statistical analysis, we used hierarchical linear mixed models with maximum likelihood estimation to handle missing data.
This 10-item scale assesses overall nicotine dependence, craving, and smoking withdrawal symptoms. Items were rated on a 7-point Likert-scale ranging from 1=Strongly disagree to 7=Strongly agree. We presented mean instead of total scores for ease in interpretation, so that scale scores can range from 1.0 to 7.0, with higher scores indicating greater smoking urges.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (Cox et al., 2001)
Week 2
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2.50 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.38
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (Cox et al., 2001)
Baseline
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3.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.36
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|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (Cox et al., 2001)
Week 6
|
2.18 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 participants were missing baseline data for this survey; n=4 and n=6 participants had missing data at weeks 2 and 6, respectively. Data was analyzed in a hierarchical mixed model with maximum likelihood estimation to handle missing data.
Single-item measure: "Right now, how strong is your desire/urge to smoke?". This single-item measure was rated on a scale of "0, not at all strong" to "100, extremely strong", so that higher scores indicate stronger smoking urges.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=99 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Urges Measure
Baseline
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50.87 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 27.03
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Urges Measure
Week 2
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31.27 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 29.31
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Urges Measure
Week 6
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26.12 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 30.90
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=6 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
This 20-item scale measures positive and negative. Participants were asked to indicate how they felt in the past week, using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1="very slightly or not at all" to 5="extremely." Scores for 10 positive words and 10 negative words were summed separately and were reported as mean scores (not scale totals) ranging from 1-5, with lower scores indicating low (positive or negative) affect and higher scores indicating high (positive or negative) affect. The 10 items for POSITIVE (PA) affect are attentive, interested, alert, excited, enthusiastic, inspired, proud, determined, strong, and active. The 10 items for NEGATIVE (NA) affect are distressed, upset, hostile, irritable, scared, afraid, ashamed, guilty, nervous, and jittery.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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|---|---|
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Positive Affect - Baseline
|
3.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Positive Affect - Week 2
|
3.47 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.77
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Positive Affect - Week 6
|
3.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.90
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Negative Affect - Baseline
|
2.32 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Negative Affect - Week 2
|
2.13 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.79
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)
PANAS - Negative Affect - Week 6
|
2.18 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.10
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=6 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
This 4-item scale assesses global subjective happiness. Each question is rated on a Likert-scale of 1-7. Scale scores were reported as mean scores in this study, with higher scores indicating higher subjective happiness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999)
Baseline
|
4.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.39
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999)
Week 2
|
4.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.38
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999)
Week 6
|
4.94 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.42
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=7 were missing Week 6 data
Two single-item happiness measures were used: "In the PAST WEEK, how happy have you felt?" and "How happy are you feeling RIGHT NOW?". Both items were rated on slider scales ranging from 0="not at all" to 100="extremely", such that higher scores indicate greater levels of happiness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=99 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Right Now - Week 2
|
68.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 25.34
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Right Now - Week 6
|
70.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 24.93
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Past Week - Baseline
|
67.74 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.50
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Past Week - Week 2
|
67.75 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.88
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Past Week - Week 6
|
69.69 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.91
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Happiness Measures
Happiness Right Now - Baseline
|
70.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 20.38
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
The 12-item Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ-12) assesses confidence to abstain from smoking when faced with internal stimuli (6 items; e.g., when I feel very anxious) and external stimuli (6 items; e.g., after a meal). Items were assessed on slider scales ranging from 0="not at all confident" to 100="extremely confident" and results are presented as mean scale scores, where higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy to abstain from smoking.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
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Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ External Cues - Week 2
|
64.75 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.31
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ Internal Cues - Baseline
|
53.44 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.04
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ Internal Cues - Week 2
|
60.15 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.33
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ Internal Cues - Week 6
|
66.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 29.09
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ External Cues - Baseline
|
58.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.10
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Self-Efficacy to Abstain From Smoking Questionnaire (Etter et al., 2000)
SEQ External Cues - Week 6
|
70.64 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 26.92
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
The single-item self-efficacy measure asked: "How CONFIDENT are you that you will be able to quit smoking/stay quit?" This item was measured on a slider scale ranging from 0="not at all" to 100="extremely confident", so that higher scores indicate greater confidence in the ability to quit smoking or stay quit.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=99 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Self-efficacy Measure
Baseline
|
75.71 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 20.05
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Self-efficacy Measure
2-week
|
76.91 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.42
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Self-efficacy Measure
6-week
|
81.22 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.16
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
The single-item self-efficacy measure asked: "How MOTIVATED are you to quit smoking/ stay quit?" This item was measured on a slider scale ranging from 0="not at all" to 100="extremely motivated", where higher scores indicate a greater motivation to quit smoking or stay quit.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Motivation to Quit Measure
Baseline
|
88.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.57
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Motivation to Quit Measure
2-week
|
83.74 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.36
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Motivation to Quit Measure
6-week
|
81.73 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.61
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
The 18-item Attitudes Towards Smoking (ATS-18) scale measures attitudes towards smoking in current and former cigarette smokers. It was rated on a 5-point Likert scale, from 1="strongly disagree" to 5="strongly agree.". The ATS-18 has 3 sub-scales: Adverse effects of smoking (items 1-10), psychoactive benefits of smoking (items 11-14), and pleasure of smoking (items 15-18). To score, all items per sub-scale were averaged to obtain a mean score within each sub-scale. For each sub-scale, higher scores indicate greater agreement with the specific attitude towards smoking.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Psychoactive benefits of smoking - Week 2
|
3.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Adverse effects of smoking - Baseline
|
4.42 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.54
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Adverse effects of smoking - Week 2
|
4.46 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.55
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Adverse effects of smoking - Week 6
|
4.44 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Psychoactive benefits of smoking - Baseline
|
3.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.73
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Psychoactive benefits of smoking - Week 6
|
3.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Pleasure of smoking - Baseline
|
3.27 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.00
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Pleasure of smoking - Week 2
|
2.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (Etter et al., 2000)
ATS-18 Pleasure of smoking - Week 6
|
2.67 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data, n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
The Commitment to Quitting Smoking Scale (CQSS) asks participants to rate their level of agreement (Likert scale, 1="strongly disagree" to 5="strongly agree") on 8-items assessing motivation to quit smoking (e.g., I'm not going to let anything get in the way of my quitting smoking). Scale scores are reported as the average of all items, where higher scores indicate a greater commitment to quitting smoking.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Commitment to Quitting Scale (Kahler et al., 2007)
Baseline
|
4.08 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.67
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Commitment to Quitting Scale (Kahler et al., 2007)
Week 2
|
3.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Commitment to Quitting Scale (Kahler et al., 2007)
Week 6
|
4 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
This 6-item form assesses the personal importance people place on positive and negative smoking expectancies. Items were rated on slider scales ranging from 0="not at all important" to 100="extremely important." Two sub-scale mean scores were calculated: positive expectancies (3 items), and negative smoking expectancies (3 items). On both scales, higher scores indicate a greater importance of the smoking expectancies (positive or negative).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI positive expectancies - Baseline
|
56.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.89
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI positive expectancies - Week 2
|
45.01 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 23.96
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI positive expectancies - Week 6
|
35.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 29.49
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI negative expectancies - Baseline
|
68.61 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 26.24
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI negative expectancies - Week 2
|
66.44 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 26.25
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for Smoking Short Form (Ward et al., 2004)
DBI negative expectancies - Week 6
|
66.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 28.93
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=4 and n=5 participants had missing data at weeks 2 and 6, respectively. Data was analyzed in a hierarchical mixed model with maximum likelihood estimation to handle missing data.
Two single-item measures assessed the pros and cons of being smoke-free: (1) "Think about all the things you LIKE/LOVE about quitting/being smoke-free; taken together, how important are those things to you RIGHT NOW?" and (2) "Think about all the things you DISLIKE/HATE about quitting/being smoke-free; taken together, how important are those things to you RIGHT NOW?" Both single-item measures were rated on slider scales ranging from 0="not at all" to 100="extremely important", so that higher scores indicate a greater perceived importance of the pros and cons of being smoke-free, respectively.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Pros of being smoke-free - Baseline
|
84.90 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.12
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Pros of being smoke-free - Week 2
|
80.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 25.16
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Pros of being smoke-free - Week 6
|
75.71 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 31.01
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Cons of being smoke-free - Baseline
|
63.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 32.25
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Cons of being smoke-free - Week 2
|
64.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 31.44
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Single-item Pros/Cons of Quitting Smoking Measures
Cons of being smoke-free - Week 6
|
58.51 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 35.80
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=4 were missing Week 2 data, n=5 were missing Week 6 data
This 10-item scale assesses perceived stress during the past month. Items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0="Never" to 4="Very Often." The overall scale score is the total of all 10 items, of which 4 are reverse-coded, so that score totals can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating greater levels of perceived stress. The PSS has two sub-scales that assess perceived helplessness (6 items) and perceived self-efficacy (4 items). Sub-scale scores were calculated as mean scores of all sub-scale items (sub-scale score ranges: 0-4), so that higher scores on the sub-scales indicate higher perceived helplessness or higher perceived self-efficacy, respectively.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS total scores - Baseline
|
19.26 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.51
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS total scores - Week 2
|
17.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.39
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS total scores - Week 6
|
16.77 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.66
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived helplessness - Baseline
|
2.10 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.93
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived helplessness - Week 2
|
1.93 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived helplessness - Week 6
|
1.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived self-efficacy - Baseline
|
2.34 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived self-efficacy - Week 2
|
2.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, 1983)
PSS Perceived self-efficacy - Week 6
|
2.48 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks post-quitPopulation: n=1 had incomplete baseline data for Brief COPE - Acceptance and Brief COPE denial - Baseline, n=4 were missing Week 2 data (with n=5 incomplete for Brief COPE use of emotional support, Brief COPE use of instrumental support, Brief COPE planning, Brief COPE self-blame), n=5 has incomplete baseline date (with n=6 incomplete for Brief COPE religion, Brief COPE active coping, Brief COPE Self-distraction).
This 28-item scale assesses the use of 14 coping mechanisms. Each item was rated on a 4-point Likert-scale, where 1="I haven't been doing this at all", 2="I've been doing this a little bit", 3="I've been doing this a medium amount", and 4="I've been doing this a lot." Sub-scales consist of 2 items for each of 14 coping mechanisms with no reversals of coding: (1) Self-distraction, (2) active coping, (3) denial, (4) substance use, (5) use of emotional support, (6) use of instrumental support, (7) behavioral disengagement, (8) venting, (9) positive reframing, (10) planning, (11) humor, (12) acceptance, (13) religion, (14) self-blame. Sub-scale scores range from 2 to 8 with higher scores indicating more frequent use of each specific coping mechanism, regardless of whether they are considered adaptive or maladaptive.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
|
|---|---|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE self-blame - Week 2
|
4.09 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.86
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE self-blame - Week 6
|
3.99 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.13
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE Self-distraction - Baseline
|
5.91 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.52
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE Self-distraction - Week 2
|
6.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.61
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE Self-distraction - Week 6
|
6.28 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.69
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE active coping - Baseline
|
6.57 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.22
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE active coping - Week 2
|
6.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.44
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE active coping - Week 6
|
6.36 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.61
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE denial - Baseline
|
3.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.77
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE denial - Week 2
|
3.48 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.82
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE denial - Week 6
|
3.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.81
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE substance use - Baseline
|
3.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.91
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE substance use - Week 2
|
3.16 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.88
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE substance use - Week 6
|
3.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.86
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of emotional support - Baseline
|
5.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.85
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of emotional support - Week 2
|
5.68 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.93
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of emotional support - Week 6
|
5.40 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.02
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of instrumental support - Baseline
|
5.35 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.98
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of instrumental support - Week 2
|
5.44 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.88
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE use of instrumental support - Week 6
|
5.46 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.93
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE behavioral disengagement - Baseline
|
3.26 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.42
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE behavioral disengagement - Week 2
|
3.28 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.71
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE behavioral disengagement - Week 6
|
3.52 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.79
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE venting - Baseline
|
5.13 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.67
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE venting - Week 2
|
4.96 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.84
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE venting - Week 6
|
4.60 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.85
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE positive reframing - Baseline
|
6.10 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.62
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE positive reframing - Week 2
|
6.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.62
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE positive reframing - Week 6
|
5.87 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.85
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE planning - Baseline
|
6.55 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.40
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE planning - Week 2
|
6.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.76
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE planning - Week 6
|
5.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.76
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE humor - Baseline
|
4.48 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.00
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE humor - Week 2
|
4.35 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.12
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE humor - Week 6
|
4.42 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.09
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE acceptance - Baseline
|
5.76 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.48
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE acceptance - Week 2
|
6.23 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.52
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE acceptance - Week 6
|
6.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.69
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE religion - Baseline
|
4.37 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.14
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE religion - Week 2
|
4.51 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.29
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE religion - Week 6
|
4.56 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.31
|
|
Within-person Changes in Theorized Mechanism of Behavior Change - Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Carver, 1997)
Brief COPE self-blame - Baseline
|
4.79 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.07
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 6 weeks after chosen smoking cessation dateApp usage, as quantified by the number of days of used during the prescribed period of app use (i.e., 49), based on passively recorded app usage patterns.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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Features of App That Need Improvement - App Usage
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24.7 days on which app was used at least once
Standard Deviation 13.8
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OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks post-quit, 6 weeks post-quit, 3-months post-quit, 6-months post-quitParticipants were asked "Have you been abstinent during the past 30 days?" in follow-up to providing their current smoking status as "I do not smoke at all." The outcome is presented as a % of participants who self-reported 30-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence. Participants were assumed to be smoking if they did not complete surveys.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
n=100 Participants
Behavioral: Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2 The investigators have developed a smartphone app that acts as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach and uses positive psychology exercises to enhance quitting success. It is anonymous, portable, and provides just-in-time support, an important feature for smokers who smoke under specific conditions and circumstances. To support treatment, investigators use a positive psychology approach. The smartphone app administers positive psychology exercises to enhance and/or maintain positive affect, which is hypothesized to stimulate nondaily smokers to enact healthier alternatives to smoking by broadening their thought-action repertoire, increasing confidence, and decreasing craving and defensiveness about smoking-related health information.
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Self-reported Smoking Status
Baseline
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0 Participants
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Self-reported Smoking Status
2 weeks post-quit
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1 Participants
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Self-reported Smoking Status
6 weeks post-quit
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40 Participants
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Self-reported Smoking Status
3-months post-quit
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56 Participants
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Self-reported Smoking Status
6-months post-quit
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56 Participants
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Adverse Events
Smiling Instead of Smoking (SiS) App Version 2
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Bettina Hoeppner
Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatry Department
Phone: 6176431988
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place