Trial Outcomes & Findings for Online Survey in Studying Smoking Attitudes and Behaviors Among Current Smokers (NCT NCT03863795)
NCT ID: NCT03863795
Last Updated: 2021-09-08
Results Overview
Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Target enrollment
1100 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Results posted on
2021-09-08
Participant Flow
Respondents were directed to complete a 15-20 min online survey on smoking attitudes and behaviors. Participants provided electronic informed consent and then answered two questions to confirm their current smoking status. Current established smokers (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and now smoke every day or some days) were eligible. Eligible participants completed survey items assessing smoking characteristics and smoking self-concept.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
306
|
269
|
244
|
281
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
306
|
269
|
244
|
281
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Online Survey in Studying Smoking Attitudes and Behaviors Among Current Smokers
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=306 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=269 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=244 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=281 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Total
n=1100 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
38.61 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.201 • n=5 Participants
|
37.74 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.887 • n=7 Participants
|
38.54 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.021 • n=5 Participants
|
39.70 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.054 • n=4 Participants
|
38.66 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.054 • n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Male
|
121 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
101 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
96 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
118 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
436 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Female
|
183 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
168 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
147 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
162 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
660 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Other
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
22 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
82 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
284 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
246 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
227 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
257 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1014 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
79 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
271 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
232 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
198 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
236 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
937 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
43 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
306 participants
n=5 Participants
|
269 participants
n=7 Participants
|
244 participants
n=5 Participants
|
281 participants
n=4 Participants
|
1100 participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Smoking Self-Concept
|
2.94 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .85 • n=5 Participants
|
3.12 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .89 • n=7 Participants
|
3.03 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .90 • n=5 Participants
|
3.08 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .83 • n=4 Participants
|
3.04 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION .87 • n=21 Participants
|
|
Education
High school graduate or less
|
53 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
46 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
37 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
49 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
185 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Education
Some college
|
123 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
106 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
112 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
136 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
477 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Education
College graduate
|
104 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
91 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
82 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
80 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
357 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Education
Postgraduate
|
26 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
80 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Education
Unknown
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Nicotine Dependence
|
4.19 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.45 • n=5 Participants
|
4.46 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.44 • n=7 Participants
|
4.53 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.43 • n=5 Participants
|
4.77 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.49 • n=4 Participants
|
4.48 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.46 • n=21 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutesPopulation: Listwise deletion: 1 participant did not respond to the survey item on quit intentions. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=306 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=269 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=244 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=280 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Quit Intentions
|
1.90 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .74
|
1.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .71
|
1.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .71
|
1.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation .70
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutesPopulation: Listwise Deletion: 20 participants did not respond to the intentions to switch to e-cigarettes survey item. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
"How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=300 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=265 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=240 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=275 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes
|
2.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.37
|
2.28 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.44
|
2.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.36
|
2.32 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.40
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutesPopulation: Listwise deletion: 28 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to seek cessation counseling. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=297 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=263 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=238 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=274 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling
|
1.65 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
|
1.60 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
1.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.25
|
1.80 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutesPopulation: Listwise deletion: 21 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to reduce smoking. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=303 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=262 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=240 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=274 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Intentions to Reduce Smoking
|
3.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.32
|
3.10 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.31
|
3.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.28
|
3.19 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.Population: Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=306 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=269 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=244 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=281 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Self-exempting Beliefs
|
2.25 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .66
|
2.35 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .62
|
2.30 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .64
|
2.33 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .64
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.Population: Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
n=306 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
n=269 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
n=244 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life.
|
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
n=281 Participants
Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Positive Cognitions About Smoking
|
3.15 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .76
|
3.28 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .74
|
3.25 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .80
|
3.31 score on a scale
Standard Deviation .70
|
Adverse Events
Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place