Trial Outcomes & Findings for Impacts of Aquatic vs Land Walking on Vascular Health and Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (NCT NCT03849300)
NCT ID: NCT03849300
Last Updated: 2020-11-03
Results Overview
Peripheral arterial stiffness was estimated as measurement of femoral-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (meters per second). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 7.0 - 14.0 meters per second for healthy populations.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
147 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
12 weeks
Results posted on
2020-11-03
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Control Group
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
42
|
42
|
32
|
31
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
37
|
35
|
28
|
25
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
5
|
7
|
4
|
6
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Control Group
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
move out to different area
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
|
Overall Study
scheduling/transportation conflict
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
Baseline Characteristics
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Control Group
n=42 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=42 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=32 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Group
n=31 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Total
n=147 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Categorical
<=18 years
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
|
Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
120 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
71 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 • n=42 Participants
|
70 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=42 Participants
|
70 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=32 Participants
|
70 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=31 Participants
|
70.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 • n=147 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
32 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
31 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
147 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
|
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0 Participants
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
|
|
Region of Enrollment
South Korea
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=42 Participants
|
32 Participants
n=32 Participants
|
31 Participants
n=31 Participants
|
147 Participants
n=147 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksPeripheral arterial stiffness was estimated as measurement of femoral-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (meters per second). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 7.0 - 14.0 meters per second for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Peripheral Arterial Stiffness
|
12.3 meters per second
Standard Deviation 1.1
|
10.2 meters per second
Standard Deviation .9
|
12.4 meters per second
Standard Deviation 1.2
|
12.8 meters per second
Standard Deviation 1.4
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksBody composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis as percent body fat. A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 10-35% for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Body Composition
|
30.5 body fat percentage (%)
Standard Deviation 5.2
|
28.5 body fat percentage (%)
Standard Deviation 3.9
|
28.5 body fat percentage (%)
Standard Deviation 5.2
|
28.7 body fat percentage (%)
Standard Deviation 6.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksResting heart rate was measured as beats per minute (bpm). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Acceptable scale range is approximately 60-80 bpm for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Resting Heart Rate
|
70.2 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 10
|
67.9 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 9
|
71 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 5
|
71 beats per minute
Standard Deviation 7
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksBlood pressure was measured as millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Higher values represent a worse outcome. Scale range for systolic blood pressure is approximately 110-129mmHg for most healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Systolic Blood Pressure
|
132.4 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 9
|
130.4 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 8.2
|
126 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 9
|
129 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 10
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksResting metabolic rate was measured as kilocalories per day. A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 1200-2200 kilocalories per day for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Resting Metabolic Rate
|
1022.9 kilocalories per day
Standard Deviation 44.2
|
1021.5 kilocalories per day
Standard Deviation 40.5
|
1282 kilocalories per day
Standard Deviation 43
|
1272 kilocalories per day
Standard Deviation 35
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksCardiorespiratory capacity was measured as the volume of maximal oxygen consumption in milliliters per kilogram per minute (VO2max, mL/kg/min). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 25-60 mL/kg/min for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cardiorespiratory Capacity
|
17.8 milliliters/kilogram/minute of oxygen
Standard Deviation 5.3
|
20.5 milliliters/kilogram/minute of oxygen
Standard Deviation 5.2
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksWalking capacity was measured using the 6-minute walk test in meters. A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 400-1000 meters for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Exercise Tolerance - Walking Capacity
|
358 meters
Standard Deviation 92
|
440 meters
Standard Deviation 88
|
438 meters
Standard Deviation 97
|
404 meters
Standard Deviation 101
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksUpper body strength was measured as hand grip strength in kilograms (kg). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 20-60kg for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Upper Body Strength
|
25.1 kilograms
Standard Deviation 1.2
|
26 kilograms
Standard Deviation 3.7
|
26 kilograms
Standard Deviation 3
|
27 kilograms
Standard Deviation 5
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksLower body strength was measured with leg extension in kilograms (kg). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 20-120 kg for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Lower Body Strength
|
45.2 kilograms
Standard Deviation 12.1
|
47.3 kilograms
Standard Deviation 20.9
|
48 kilograms
Standard Deviation 13
|
46 kilograms
Standard Deviation 11
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksLower body flexibility was measured using sit-and-reach in centimeters (cm). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 10-30 cm for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Lower Body Flexibility
|
15.2 centimeters
Standard Deviation 3.3
|
15.9 centimeters
Standard Deviation 6.3
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksThe physical function domain score of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 General Health Survey was measured. The scale range is from 0 to 100 percent. Higher scores represent a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 General Health Survey for Physical Function
|
46 score in percents
Standard Deviation 21
|
52 score in percents
Standard Deviation 31
|
55 score in percents
Standard Deviation 27
|
53 score in percents
Standard Deviation 25
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksBlood pressure was measured as millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Higher values represent a worse outcome. Scale range for diastolic blood pressure is approximately 70-79 mmHg for most healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=37 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=35 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
n=28 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
n=25 Participants
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure
|
90.7 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 11
|
82.7 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 10
|
84 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 8
|
85 millimeters of mercury
Standard Deviation 10
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksSystemic arterial stiffness was estimated as measurement of brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (meters per second). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 7.0 - 14.0 meters per second for healthy populations.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=28 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=25 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Systemic Arterial Stiffness
|
14.7 meters per second
Standard Deviation 1.9
|
14.8 meters per second
Standard Deviation 2.0
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 weeksTime to onset of claudication was measured during the 6-minute walking distance test (seconds). A higher value represents a better outcome. Healthy populations can typically walk the entire 6 minutes (360 seconds) without experiencing claudication.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Control Group
n=28 Participants
No exercise intervention
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
n=25 Participants
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking exercise (forward, backward).
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
Land-based Walking Exercise Group
The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks.
The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise.
The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time to Onset of Claudication
|
252 seconds
Standard Deviation 101
|
213 seconds
Standard Deviation 99
|
—
|
—
|
Adverse Events
Control Group
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 1
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Aquatic Walking Exercise Group 2
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Land-based Walking Group
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Song-Young Park
The University of Nebraska at Omaha
Phone: 402-554-3374
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place