Trial Outcomes & Findings for Cost-effectiveness of Forced Aerobic Exercise for Stroke Rehabilitation (NCT NCT03819764)

Results Overview

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

60 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline

Results posted on

2025-07-29

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Overall Study STARTED	30	30
Overall Study COMPLETED	29	27
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	1	3

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Cost-effectiveness of Forced Aerobic Exercise for Stroke Rehabilitation

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than your self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Total n=60 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	60.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.5 • n=5 Participants	60.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.8 • n=7 Participants	60.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.6 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	12 Participants n=5 Participants	17 Participants n=7 Participants	29 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	18 Participants n=5 Participants	13 Participants n=7 Participants	31 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	30 Participants n=5 Participants	30 Participants n=7 Participants	60 Participants n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	7 Participants n=5 Participants	5 Participants n=7 Participants	12 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	23 Participants n=5 Participants	24 Participants n=7 Participants	47 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	32.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.6	32.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.6

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: midpoint (4 weeks from Baseline)

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	44.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.8	41.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.4

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	44.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.5	42.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.5

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +4 weeks (12 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	44.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.5	42.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.5

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	45.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.8	43.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.3

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment is a 33 item assessment of post-stroke upper extremity impairment. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-66, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)	44.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.9	46.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.6

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Action Research Arm Test is an assessment of post-stroke upper extremity function. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-57, with higher scores indicating a better outcome. The test includes 4 subscales: grasp (6 items, score range 0-18), grip (4 items, score range 0-12), pinch (6 items, score range 0-18), and gross motor (3 items, score range 0-9 ) which are added up for the total score. For all subscales, higher scores indicate better function.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Total	32.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.6	32.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.6
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grasp	11.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.7	11.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.8
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grip	6.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.1	6.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.9
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Pinch	8.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.6	8.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.0
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Gross	6.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3	6.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

The Action Research Arm Test is an assessment of post-stroke upper extremity function. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-57, with higher scores indicating a better outcome. The test includes 4 subscales: grasp (6 items, score range 0-18), grip (4 items, score range 0-12), pinch (6 items, score range 0-18), and gross motor (3 items, score range 0-9 ) which are added up for the total score. For all subscales, higher scores indicate better function.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Total	37.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.9	36.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.5
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grasp	13.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.2	12.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.6
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grip	7.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.6	7.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.0
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Pinch	9.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.9	9.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.1
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Gross	7.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.4	7.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +4 weeks (12 weeks from Baseline)

The Action Research Arm Test is an assessment of post-stroke upper extremity function. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-57, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Total	39.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.2	36.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.8
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grasp	13.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.0	12.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.8
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grip	7.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.1	7.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.4
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Pinch	10.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.1	9.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.3
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Gross	7.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.4	7.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.41

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

The Action Research Arm Test is an assessment of post-stroke upper extremity function. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-57, with higher scores indicating a better outcome. The test includes 4 subscales: grasp (6 items, score range 0-18), grip (4 items, score range 0-12), pinch (6 items, score range 0-18), and gross motor (3 items, score range 0-9 ) which are added up for the total score. For all subscales, higher scores indicate better function.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Total	37.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.4	39.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.3
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grasp	13.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.4	13.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.6
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grip	7.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.2	7.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.2
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Pinch	9.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.8	10.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.2
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Gross	7.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5	8.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.7

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

The Action Research Arm Test is an assessment of post-stroke upper extremity function. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-57, with higher scores indicating a better outcome. The test includes 4 subscales: grasp (6 items, score range 0-18), grip (4 items, score range 0-12), pinch (6 items, score range 0-18), and gross motor (3 items, score range 0-9 ) which are added up for the total score. For all subscales, higher scores indicate better function.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Total	38.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.4	40.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.6
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grasp	14.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.0	14.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.3
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Grip	7.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.0	8.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.1
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Pinch	10.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.5	10.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.2
Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) ARAT Gross	7.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5	8.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes 15 timed tasks for the affected upper extremity. Times for timed tasks are transformed and reported as geometric mean (standard deviation). Lower times indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT)	11.0 time in seconds Standard Deviation 3.0	14.9 time in seconds Standard Deviation 3.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The Stroke Impact Scale is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating quality of life. 8 domains are assessed including: physical problems, memory and thinking, feelings, communication, activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, hand use, and meaningful activities. Scores for all domains are normalized and range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-perceived quality of life. The last domain (stroke recovery) asks the individual to rate their recovery on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no recovery and 100 indicating full recovery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Physical Problem	50.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.1	47.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.4
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Memory and Thinking	86.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.4	83.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.4
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Feelings	80.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.4	69.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Communication	87.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.4	83.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.8
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS ADL's	73.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.5	67.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.8
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Mobility	81.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.9	75.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Hand Use	41.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 27.2	42.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 28.9
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Meaningful Activities	61.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 23.8	63.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 25.8
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Stroke Recovery Score	62.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 20.8	52.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 23.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

The Stroke Impact Scale is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating quality of life. 8 domains are assessed including: physical problems, memory and thinking, feelings, communication, activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, hand use, and meaningful activities. Scores for all domains are normalized and range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-perceived quality of life. The last domain (stroke recovery) asks the individual to rate their recovery on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no recovery and 100 indicating full recovery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Physical Problem	58.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.9	54.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 22.6
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Memory and Thinking	88.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.8	83.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.9
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Feelings	81.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.2	77.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.5
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Communication	87.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.6	88.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.2
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS ADLs	76.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.8	74.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.2
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Mobility	84.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.7	78.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 18.2
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Hand Use	54.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 26.4	52.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 26.3
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Meaningful Activities	73.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.0	69.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Stroke Recovery	64.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.4	63.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

The Stroke Impact Scale is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating quality of life. 8 domains are assessed including: physical problems, memory and thinking, feelings, communication, activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, hand use, and meaningful activities. Scores for all domains are normalized and range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-perceived quality of life. The last domain (stroke recovery) asks the individual to rate their recovery on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no recovery and 100 indicating full recovery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Physical Problem	60.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 20.2	54.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 22.3
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Memory and Thinking	87.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.1	85.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.2
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Feelings	83.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.7	79.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.1
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Communication	89.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.6	91.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.0
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS ADL's	77.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.4	77.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Mobility	84.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.3	80.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.4
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Hand Use	50.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 27.8	52.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 26.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Meaningful Activities	75.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.4	67.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 20.3
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Stroke Recovery Score	68.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.7	66.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 21.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

The Stroke Impact Scale is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating quality of life. 8 domains are assessed including: physical problems, memory and thinking, feelings, communication, activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, hand use, and meaningful activities. Scores for all domains are normalized and range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-perceived quality of life. The last domain (stroke recovery) asks the individual to rate their recovery on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no recovery and 100 indicating full recovery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Physical Problem	60.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 22.1	59.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Memory and Thinking	88.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.6	90.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.6
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Feelings	82.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.8	81.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.1
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Communication	88.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.2	91.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.7
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS ADL'S	74.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.1	77.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.4
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Mobility	83.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.6	84.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.3
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Hand Use	49.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 28.1	52.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 24.9
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Meaningful Activities	69.3 score on a scale Standard Deviation 26.9	73.0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 19.2
Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) SIS Stroke Recovery Score	65.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 20.6	66.9 score on a scale Standard Deviation 22.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating physical, mental, and social health. T-scores are reported separately for Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Physical Function, and Pain Interference. * A score of 50 represents the population mean. * A score of 40 is one standard deviation lower than the mean of the reference population. * A score of 60 is one standard deviation higher than the mean of the reference population. * For PROMIS measures, higher scores for domains measuring symptoms is indicative of greater symptom burden. Therefore, higher scores are worse for fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and pain interference. For the domains of Physical Function and Participation, higher scores indicate better function and better participation, respectively.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Physical	39.6 T-score Standard Deviation 6.6	40.1 T-score Standard Deviation 5.8
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Anxiety	49.7 T-score Standard Deviation 8.1	49.9 T-score Standard Deviation 8.3
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Depression	49.2 T-score Standard Deviation 7.9	48.9 T-score Standard Deviation 7.6
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Fatigue	47.8 T-score Standard Deviation 8.7	48.0 T-score Standard Deviation 8.6
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Sleep Disturbance	46.8 T-score Standard Deviation 9.9	45.5 T-score Standard Deviation 9.9
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Participation	46.3 T-score Standard Deviation 8.4	45.8 T-score Standard Deviation 8.5
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Interference	49.0 T-score Standard Deviation 8.5	47.4 T-score Standard Deviation 6.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating physical, mental, and social health. T-scores are reported separately for Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Physical Function, and Pain Interference. * A score of 50 represents the population mean. * A score of 40 is one standard deviation lower than the mean of the reference population. * A score of 60 is one standard deviation higher than the mean of the reference population. * For PROMIS measures, higher scores for domains measuring symptoms is indicative of greater symptom burden. Therefore, higher scores are worse for fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and pain interference. For the domains of Physical Function and Participation, higher scores indicate better function and better participation, respectively.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Physical	40.8 T-score Standard Deviation 6.5	41.3 T-score Standard Deviation 5.3
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Anxiety	48.8 T-score Standard Deviation 9.4	48.2 T-score Standard Deviation 9.8
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Depression	49.6 T-score Standard Deviation 8.6	49.2 T-score Standard Deviation 8.7
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Fatigue	48.5 T-score Standard Deviation 8.7	47.1 T-score Standard Deviation 8.9
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Sleep Disturbance	46.2 T-score Standard Deviation 9.0	44.7 T-score Standard Deviation 8.3
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Participation	49.3 T-score Standard Deviation 9.1	49.9 T-score Standard Deviation 9.7
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Interference	49.7 T-score Standard Deviation 8.8	48.2 T-score Standard Deviation 8.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating physical, mental, and social health. T-scores are reported separately for Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Physical Function, and Pain Interference. * A score of 50 represents the population mean. * A score of 40 is one standard deviation lower than the mean of the reference population. * A score of 60 is one standard deviation higher than the mean of the reference population. * For PROMIS measures, higher scores for domains measuring symptoms is indicative of greater symptom burden. Therefore, higher scores are worse for fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and pain interference. For the domains of Physical Function and Participation, higher scores indicate better function and better participation, respectively.easured.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Physical	42.0 T-score Standard Deviation 7.6	41.4 T-score Standard Deviation 7.4
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Anxiety	47.5 T-score Standard Deviation 9.0	47.6 T-score Standard Deviation 9.0
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Depression	48.3 T-score Standard Deviation 7.6	47.6 T-score Standard Deviation 7.4
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Fatigue	47.1 T-score Standard Deviation 9.8	45.3 T-score Standard Deviation 10.2
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Sleep Disturbance	45.2 T-score Standard Deviation 8.9	44.5 T-score Standard Deviation 10.7
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Participation	51.0 T-score Standard Deviation 9.7	51.5 T-score Standard Deviation 10.9
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Interference	51.3 T-score Standard Deviation 8.0	50.0 T-score Standard Deviation 8.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) is a self-reported questionnaire evaluating physical, mental, and social health. T-scores are reported separately for Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, Physical Function, and Pain Interference. * A score of 50 represents the population mean. * A score of 40 is one standard deviation lower than the mean of the reference population. * A score of 60 is one standard deviation higher than the mean of the reference population. * For PROMIS measures, higher scores for domains measuring symptoms is indicative of greater symptom burden. Therefore, higher scores are worse for fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and pain interference. For the domains of Physical Function and Participation, higher scores indicate better function and better participation, respectively.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Physical	41.1 T-score Standard Deviation 6.8	40.5 T-score Standard Deviation 5.9
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Anxiety	47.9 T-score Standard Deviation 9.7	49.1 T-score Standard Deviation 10.4
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Depression	48.2 T-score Standard Deviation 8.6	48.1 T-score Standard Deviation 9.2
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Fatigue	46.8 T-score Standard Deviation 8.6	47.7 T-score Standard Deviation 9.3
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Sleep Disturbance	45.2 T-score Standard Deviation 9.7	43.6 T-score Standard Deviation 10.4
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Participation	49.6 T-score Standard Deviation 9.2	48.4 T-score Standard Deviation 10.1
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Interference	49.4 T-score Standard Deviation 8.6	49.4 T-score Standard Deviation 9.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20 item assessment of depressive symptomology. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher risk of depression. A score of 16 or more is indicative of depression.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D)	11.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 8.5	9.6 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20 item assessment of depressive symptomology. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher risk of depression. A score of 16 or more is indicative of depression.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D)	9.9 units on a scale Standard Deviation 9.3	8.8 units on a scale Standard Deviation 9.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20 item assessment of depressive symptomology. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher risk of depression. A score of 16 or more is indicative of depression.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D)	9.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7.8	8.6 units on a scale Standard Deviation 8.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) is a 20 item assessment of depressive symptomology. Total score is reported, scores range from 0-60, with higher scores indicating higher risk of depression. A score of 16 or more is indicative of depression.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D)	9.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 8.3	9.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 9.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures total distance traveled over a 6 minute period.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)	264.4 Meters Standard Error 118.4	285.5 Meters Standard Error 160.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks)

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures total distance traveled over a 6 minute period.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)	327.1 Meters Standard Deviation 141.2	316.9 Meters Standard Deviation 170.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +4 weeks (12 weeks from Baseline)

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures total distance traveled over a 6 minute period.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)	339.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 156.7	315.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 170.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +6 months (8 months from Baseline)

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures total distance traveled over a 6 minute period.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)	339.3 Meters Standard Deviation 156.7	315.1 Meters Standard Deviation 170.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment +1 year (14 months from Baseline)

The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) measures total distance traveled over a 6 minute period.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)	320.8 Meters Standard Deviation 166.5	336.7 Meters Standard Deviation 170.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean Paretic step length (cm) across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Step Length	40.4 Centimeters Standard Deviation 14.1	45.6 Centimeters Standard Deviation 12.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean Non-Paretic step length (cm) across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Step Length	40.1 Centimeters Standard Deviation 15.5	44.2 Centimeters Standard Deviation 14.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Mean Paretic step length (cm) across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Step Length	45.0 Centimeters Standard Deviation 12.6	46.9 Centimeters Standard Deviation 11.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean Non-Paretic step length (cm) across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Step Length	45.0 Centimeters Standard Deviation 15.3	46.1 Centimeters Standard Deviation 11.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Percentage of gait cycle spent in single limb support

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Single Limb Percentage	29.1 Percent Standard Deviation 4.79	30.1 Percent Standard Deviation 2.64

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean percentage of gait cycle spent in stance phase on the Non-Paretic lower extremity across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Single Limb Percentage	29.8 Percent Standard Deviation 4.73	30.5 Percent Standard Deviation 2.30

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

The modified Rankin Scale is a global outcome on a scale of 0-6 used to assess the degree of disability in patients with stroke as follows: 0 No symptoms at all 1. No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities 2. Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance 3. Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance 4. Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance 5. Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention 6. Dead

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Modified Rankin Scale	2 score on a scale Interval 1.0 to 3.0	2 score on a scale Interval 1.0 to 3.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis

The modified Rankin Scale is a global outcome on a scale of 0-6 used to assess the degree of disability in patients with stroke as follows: 0 No symptoms at all 1. No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities 2. Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance 3. Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance 4. Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance 5. Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention 6. Dead

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Modified Rankin Scale	2 score on a scale Interval 1.0 to 3.0	2 score on a scale Interval 1.0 to 3.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Steps walked per minute during two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Walking Cadence	82.1 steps/min Standard Deviation 17.2	86.1 steps/min Standard Deviation 17.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Steps walked per minute during two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Walking Cadence	86.1 steps/min Standard Deviation 17.3	85.8 steps/min Standard Deviation 15.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Percentage of gait cycle spent in single limb support

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Single Limb Percentage	26.8 Percentage Standard Deviation 3.88	28.6 Percentage Standard Deviation 2.76

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Percentage of gait cycle spent in single limb support

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Single Limb Percentage	27.9 Percent Standard Deviation 3.40	28.9 Percent Standard Deviation 2.70

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Mean peak degree of paretic knee flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Knee Range of Motion	43.0 Degrees Standard Deviation 16.9	54.1 Degrees Standard Deviation 14.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of paretic knee flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Knee Range of Motion	44.0 Degrees Standard Deviation 17.5	53.4 Degrees Standard Deviation 12.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Mean peak degree of non-paretic knee flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Knee Range of Motion	53.6 Degrees Standard Deviation 11.85	60.5 Degrees Standard Deviation 9.12

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of non-paretic knee flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Knee Range of Motion	54.8 Degrees Standard Deviation 10.9	62.4 Degrees Standard Deviation 6.41

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of paretic ankle dorsiflexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Ankle Range of Motion	17.8 Degrees Standard Deviation 5.38	19.5 Degrees Standard Deviation 6.45

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of paretic ankle dorsiflexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Ankle Range of Motion	19.1 Degrees Standard Deviation 5.46	19.1 Degrees Standard Deviation 6.10

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Non-Paretic peak degree of non-paretic dorsiflexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Ankle Range of Motion	23.3 Degrees Standard Deviation 8.74	23.7 Degrees Standard Deviation 7.28

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of non-paretic ankle dorsiflexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Ankle Range of Motion	24.8 Degrees Standard Deviation 8.48	23.2 Degrees Standard Deviation 6.89

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of paretic hip flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Hip Range of Motion (Sagittal Plane)	33.2 Degrees Standard Deviation 9.39	37.4 Degrees Standard Deviation 10.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of paretic hip flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Paretic Hip Range of Motion (Sagittal Plane)	35.6 Degrees Standard Deviation 10.0	39.5 Degrees Standard Deviation 7.64

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of non-paretic hip flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Hip Range of Motion (Sagittal Plane)	36.9 Degrees Standard Deviation 9.35	41.3 Degrees Standard Deviation 6.14

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from Baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual hemiparesis who opted to have biomechanical gait assessment completed. This was a secondary outcome and included a subset of the total sample.

Mean peak degree of non-paretic hip flexion across two 2-minute walking trials

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=25 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=20 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Non-Paretic Hip Range of Motion (Sagittal Plane)	39.9 Degrees Standard Deviation 9.37	43.0 Degrees Standard Deviation 5.89

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of Treatment (8 weeks from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test Functional Ability Score quantifies movement quality. Scores range from 0-75, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Functional Ability Score	3.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.3	3.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of Treatment (8 weeks from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes Grip strength measured by dynamometer

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Grip Strength	14.2 kg Standard Deviation 8.5	14.1 kg Standard Deviation 9.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of Treatment (8 weeks from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes the amount of weight the individual can lift onto a box using a wrist cuff weight ranging from 1-20 pounds. Higher indicates greater strength.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Weight to Box	10.6 pounds Standard Deviation 7.0	10.8 pounds Standard Deviation 7.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment (8 weeks from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes 15 timed tasks for the affected upper extremity. Times for timed tasks are transformed and reported as geometric mean (standard deviation). Lower times indicate better performance.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT)	8.2 time in seconds Standard Deviation 3.3	10.0 time in seconds Standard Deviation 3.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The WMFT Functional Ability Score quantifies movement quality. Scores range from 0-75, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Functional Ability Score	2.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.1	2.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes Grip strength measured by dynamometer

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Grip Strength	13.8 kg Standard Deviation 7.9	13.8 kg Standard Deviation 8.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke with residual upper limb paresis

The Wolf Motor Function Test includes the amount of weight the individual can lift onto a box using a wrist cuff weight ranging from 1-20 pounds. Higher indicates greater strength.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) Weight to Box	8.2 pounds Standard Deviation 6.3	8.7 pounds Standard Deviation 7.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: End of Treatment (8 weeks following baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System includes pain rated on a 0-10 scale with higher scores indicative of greater pain.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Intensity	2.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.6	2.6 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System includes pain rated rated on a 0-10 scale with higher scores indicative of greater pain.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Intensity	2.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1	2.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment + 6 months (8 months from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System includes pain rated on a 0-10 scale with higher scores indicative of greater pain.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Intensity	2.3 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.1	2.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: end of treatment + 12 months (14 months from baseline)

Population: individuals with chronic stroke and residual upper limb paresis

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System includes pain rated on a 0-10 scale with higher scores indicative of greater pain.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 Participants Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Pain Intensity	2.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.8	2.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3

Adverse Events

Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice

Serious events: 2 serious events

Other events: 5 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only

Serious events: 2 serious events

Other events: 8 other events

Deaths: 1 deaths

Serious adverse events

Serious adverse events
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 participants at risk Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 participants at risk Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Reproductive system and breast disorders Cancer Diagnosis	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 1 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	0.00% 0/30 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.
Infections and infestations Sepsis	0.00% 0/30 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 1 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.
Vascular disorders Stroke	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 1 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 1 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.

Other adverse events

Other adverse events
Measure	Aerobic Exercise & Repetitive Task Practice n=30 participants at risk Participants will perform the following: 1. 45 minutes of cycling 2. 45 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Aerobic Exercise: Cycling on a recumbent stationary bike with a specialized motor that forces the individual to cycle approximately 30-35% faster than self-selected speed Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises	Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice Only n=30 participants at risk Participants will perform the following: 1\. 90 minutes of upper extremity repetitive arm exercises Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice: Repetitive arm exercises
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Skin Injury	10.0% 3/30 • Number of events 3 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	0.00% 0/30 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications Fall	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 3 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	26.7% 8/30 • Number of events 13 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Leg Swelling	3.3% 1/30 • Number of events 1 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.	0.00% 0/30 • Adverse experiences were collected up to 2 years from the start to the completion of the study.

Additional Information

Dr. Susan Linder, PT, DPT, PhD

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Phone: 216-445-9815

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place