Trial Outcomes & Findings for Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training for Aggression, Health, and Stress Among Law Enforcement Officers (NCT NCT03784846)

NCT ID: NCT03784846

Last Updated: 2023-07-03

Results Overview

Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 109 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup
• Results posted on: 2023-07-03

Participant Flow

All enrolled participants were assigned to a study arm.

Participant milestones

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Pre-COVID Study STARTED	17	14	5
Pre-COVID Study COMPLETED	6	3	0
Pre-COVID Study NOT COMPLETED	11	11	5
Post-COVID Study STARTED	33	24	16
Post-COVID Study COMPLETED	29	17	15
Post-COVID Study NOT COMPLETED	4	7	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Pre-COVID Study Lost to Follow-up	3	3	2
Pre-COVID Study Withdrawal by Subject	1	2	1
Pre-COVID Study Discontinued by Researchers	7	6	2
Post-COVID Study Lost to Follow-up	3	5	1
Post-COVID Study Withdrawal by Subject	1	2	0

Baseline Characteristics

Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training for Aggression, Health, and Stress Among Law Enforcement Officers

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training n=50 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education n=38 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. Stress Management Education: SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=21 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)	Total n=109 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	50 Participants n=5 Participants	38 Participants n=7 Participants	21 Participants n=5 Participants	109 Participants n=4 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants
Age, Continuous	40.22 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.03 • n=5 Participants	39.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 • n=7 Participants	38.90 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.09 • n=5 Participants	39.61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.33 • n=4 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	12 Participants n=5 Participants	9 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants	26 Participants n=4 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	38 Participants n=5 Participants	29 Participants n=7 Participants	16 Participants n=5 Participants	83 Participants n=4 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	16 Participants n=5 Participants	9 Participants n=7 Participants	4 Participants n=5 Participants	29 Participants n=4 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	32 Participants n=5 Participants	29 Participants n=7 Participants	16 Participants n=5 Participants	77 Participants n=4 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	3 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	41 Participants n=5 Participants	36 Participants n=7 Participants	19 Participants n=5 Participants	96 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	4 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants	6 Participants n=4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	3 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants	3 Participants n=4 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	50 participants n=5 Participants	38 participants n=7 Participants	21 participants n=5 Participants	109 participants n=4 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Aggression Baseline	1.94 score on a scale Standard Deviation .64	1.67 score on a scale Standard Deviation .45	1.85 score on a scale Standard Deviation .79
Change in Aggression post-intervention (week 8)	1.72 score on a scale Standard Deviation .48	1.68 score on a scale Standard Deviation .57	1.98 score on a scale Standard Deviation .82
Change in Aggression 3-month followup	1.63 score on a scale Standard Deviation .50	1.58 score on a scale Standard Deviation .37	1.84 score on a scale Standard Deviation .76
Change in Aggression 6-month followup	1.57 score on a scale Standard Deviation .46	1.69 score on a scale Standard Deviation .60	1.78 score on a scale Standard Deviation .66

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Blood spot analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in C-reactive Protein baseline	1.22 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 1.42	.61 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation .62	2.11 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 2.59
Change in C-reactive Protein post-intervention (week 8)	.99 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 1.26	.80 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 1.13	1.11 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation .76
Change in C-reactive Protein 3-month followup	.90 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 1.06	.61 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation 2.41	1.66 units on a scale "mg/L" Standard Deviation .58

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Blood spot analysis of interleukin-6.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Interleukin-6 baseline	.55 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .87	.37 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .30	.28 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .12
Change in Interleukin-6 post-intervention (week 8)	.58 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .91	.51 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .45	.23 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .38
Change in Interleukin-6 3-month followup	.37 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .28	.39 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .29	.23 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .11

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Blood spot analysis of interleukin-10.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Interleukin-10 baseline	.27 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .27	.28 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .20	.16 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .08
Change in Interleukin-10 post-intervention (week 8)	.20 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .16	.17 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .10	.13 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .12
Change in Interleukin-10 3-month followup	.21 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .13	.18 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .11	.11 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .07

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Blood spot analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha baseline	2.25 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .81	2.20 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .66	1.87 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .45
Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha post-intervention (week 8)	2.02 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .68	1.71 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .39	1.70 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .62
Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha 3-month followup	1.76 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .61	1.71 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .35	1.66 units on a scale "pg/mL" Standard Deviation .27

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Brief Resilience Scale. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater resilience.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Psychological Resilience Baseline	3.71 score on a scale Standard Deviation .74	4.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation .47	3.99 score on a scale Standard Deviation .40
Change in Psychological Resilience post-intervention	4.08 score on a scale Standard Deviation .65	4.11 score on a scale Standard Deviation .49	3.90 score on a scale Standard Deviation .67
Change in Psychological Resilience 3-month followup	3.98 score on a scale Standard Deviation .72	4.10 score on a scale Standard Deviation .41	4.03 score on a scale Standard Deviation .41
Change in Psychological Resilience 6-month followup	4.04 score on a scale Standard Deviation .66	4.01 score on a scale Standard Deviation .52	3.83 score on a scale Standard Deviation .67

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use. Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Alcohol Use baseline	46.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.48	45.50 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.46	44.42 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.79
Change in Alcohol Use post-intervention (8 weeks)	46.95 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.60	48.54 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.58	45.73 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.50
Change in Alcohol Use 3-month followup	48.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.72	49.01 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.51	45.78 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.20
Change in Alcohol Use 6-month followup	47.82 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.82	46.65 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.74	48.98 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.94

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Negative Consequences.Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use negative consequences.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences baseline	40.67 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.44	40.35 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.21	40.49 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.91
Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences post-intervention (8 weeks)	40.98 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.99	41.06 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.35	41.03 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.80
Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences 3-month followup	40.81 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.40	41.06 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.93	42.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.47
Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences 6-month followup	41.26 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.17	40.81 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.34	40.74 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.51

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Depression. Scores range from 38-80, with higher scores indicating more depression.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Depression baseline	50.15 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.99	48.17 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.69	48.22 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.56
Change in Depression post-intervention (week 8)	49.22 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.74	48.02 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.66	47.55 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.17
Change in Depression 3-month followup	49.50 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.36	49.01 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.87	47.13 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.93
Change in Depression 6-month followup	48.98 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.35	48.14 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.07	46.73 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.49

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Concise Heath Risk Tracking Scale-Self-Report. Scores range from 7-35, with higher scores indicating greater suicidal ideation.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Suicidal Thinking baseline	8.91 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.39	8.16 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.23	8.20 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.65
Change in Suicidal Thinking post-intervention (week 8)	8.74 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.67	8.05 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.25	9.57 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.18
Change in Suicidal Thinking 3-month followup	8.90 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.34	8.58 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.62	8.27 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.98
Change in Suicidal Thinking 6-month followup	8.07 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.73	8.44 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.64	8.21 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.19

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Scores ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicating greater PTSD symptoms.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Trauma Symptoms baseline	37.76 score on a scale Standard Deviation 14.39	33.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.12	31.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.13
Change in Trauma Symptoms post-intervention (week 8)	34.32 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.69	30.74 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.77	33.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 15.35
Change in Trauma Symptoms 3-month followup	34.07 score on a scale Standard Deviation 12.57	32.29 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.26	33.20 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.94
Change in Trauma Symptoms 6-month followup	31.93 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.74	31.61 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.08	32.07 score on a scale Standard Deviation 13.09

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Scores range from 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater burnout.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Burnout 3-month followup	2.34 score on a scale Standard Deviation .38	2.33 score on a scale Standard Deviation .30	2.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation .24
Change in Burnout baseline	2.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation .46	2.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation .35	2.38 score on a scale Standard Deviation .36
Change in Burnout post-intervention (week 8)	2.39 score on a scale Standard Deviation .44	2.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation .29	2.33 score on a scale Standard Deviation .26
Change in Burnout 6-month followup	2.32 score on a scale Standard Deviation .42	2.42 score on a scale Standard Deviation .35	2.37 score on a scale Standard Deviation .28

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Sustained Attention to Response Task. A computer-based go/no-go task that requires participants to withhold behavioral response to a single, infrequent target presented amongst a background of frequent non-targets. Increased errors indicates less sustained attention.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Sustained Attention baseline	17.03 errors Standard Deviation 13.50	16.00 errors Standard Deviation 53.10	31.42 errors Standard Deviation 37.16
Change in Sustained Attention post-intervention (week 8)	15.86 errors Standard Deviation 30.28	13.50 errors Standard Deviation 20.00	30.71 errors Standard Deviation 30.01
Change in Sustained Attention 3-month followup	15.33 errors Standard Deviation 18.88	9.30 errors Standard Deviation 11.06	25.35 errors Standard Deviation 20.48
Change in Sustained Attention 6-month followup	15.88 errors Standard Deviation 27.22	9.53 errors Standard Deviation 6.89	29.23 errors Standard Deviation 63.90

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Perceived Stress Scale-10. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Perceived Stress 3-month followup	22.66 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.61	23.65 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.90	22.47 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.26
Change in Perceived Stress baseline	24.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.13	23.16 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.60	22.93 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.52
Change in Perceived Stress post-intervention (week 8)	23.39 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.71	22.05 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.39	22.86 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.37
Change in Perceived Stress 6-month followup	22.97 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.31	24.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.23	23.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.48

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance. Scores range from 32-76, with higher scores indicating greater sleep disturbance.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Sleep Disturbance baseline	54.35 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.32	52.48 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.80	53.48 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.88
Change in Sleep Disturbance post-intervention (week 8)	52.03 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.72	54.38 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.44	53.11 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.26
Change in Sleep Disturbance 3-month followup	51.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.87	52.93 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.65	53.85 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.97
Change in Sleep Disturbance 6-month followup	51.36 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.62	51.51 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.78	52.90 score on a scale Standard Deviation 9.79

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater self-compassion.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Self-Compassion baseline	3.35 score on a scale Standard Deviation .66	3.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation .58	3.16 score on a scale Standard Deviation .73
Change in Self-Compassion post-intervention (week 8)	3.52 score on a scale Standard Deviation .64	3.54 score on a scale Standard Deviation .59	3.40 score on a scale Standard Deviation .83
Change in Self-Compassion 3-month followup	3.61 score on a scale Standard Deviation .57	3.56 score on a scale Standard Deviation .52	3.41 score on a scale Standard Deviation .76
Change in Self-Compassion 6-month followup	3.66 score on a scale Standard Deviation .53	3.45 score on a scale Standard Deviation .55	3.38 score on a scale Standard Deviation .76

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Mindfulness baseline	3.48 score on a scale Standard Deviation .68	3.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation .47	3.63 score on a scale Standard Deviation .74
Change in Mindfulness post-intervention (week 8)	3.56 score on a scale Standard Deviation .45	3.61 score on a scale Standard Deviation .41	3.56 score on a scale Standard Deviation .84
Change in Mindfulness 3-month followup	3.60 score on a scale Standard Deviation .60	3.51 score on a scale Standard Deviation .29	3.65 score on a scale Standard Deviation .58
Change in Mindfulness 6-month followup	3.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation .45	3.51 score on a scale Standard Deviation .45	3.61 score on a scale Standard Deviation .64

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup

Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.

Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-II. Scores range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Change in Interoceptive Awareness 6-month followup	4.19 score on a scale Standard Deviation .55	3.87 score on a scale Standard Deviation .79	3.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation .59
Change in Interoceptive Awareness baseline	3.89 score on a scale Standard Deviation .64	3.77 score on a scale Standard Deviation .61	3.62 score on a scale Standard Deviation .51
Change in Interoceptive Awareness post-intervention (week 8)	4.19 score on a scale Standard Deviation .50	3.82 score on a scale Standard Deviation .52	3.89 score on a scale Standard Deviation .55
Change in Interoceptive Awareness 3-month followup	4.22 score on a scale Standard Deviation .61	4.00 score on a scale Standard Deviation .50	3.67 score on a scale Standard Deviation .66

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: post-intervention (8 weeks)

Postcourse satisfaction survey. Scores range from 4-16, with higher scores indicating greater treatment acceptability. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=31 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=18 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Treatment Acceptability	13.94 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.43	12.28 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.52	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: post-intervention (8 weeks)

Objective assessment of duration of homework practice. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=31 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=18 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Treatment Compliance	211.66 minutes Standard Deviation 186.62	65.45 minutes Standard Deviation 68.45	—

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: baseline

Expectancy/Credibility Questionnaire. Scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. Scores range from 7-21, with higher scores indicating greater expectancy and credibility.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=33 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=24 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=16 Participants No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Treatment Expectancy and Credibility	15.61 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.75	15.60 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.90	15.53 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.20

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: post-intervention (8 weeks)

Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Measure of perceived change in functioning as a result of the intervention. Scores range from 3-21, with higher scores indicating a greater impression of change. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.

Outcome measures

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) n=31 Participants MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education (SME) n=18 Participants SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Global Impression of Change	16.19 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.10	14.22 score on a scale Standard Deviation 1.66	—

Adverse Events

Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 1 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Stress Management Education

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

No Intervention Control

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Measure	Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training n=50 participants at risk MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.	Stress Management Education n=38 participants at risk SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. Stress Management Education: SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.	No Intervention Control n=21 participants at risk No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Participant contracted COVID-19	2.0% 1/50 • Number of events 1 • The adverse event was followed for 6 months.	0.00% 0/38 • The adverse event was followed for 6 months.	0.00% 0/21 • The adverse event was followed for 6 months.

Additional Information

Michael Christopher, Ph.D.

Pacific University

Phone: 503-352-2498

Email: mchristopher@pacificu.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place