Trial Outcomes & Findings for The Effects of Manipulating Expectations in a Gratitude Intervention (NCT NCT03784001)
NCT ID: NCT03784001
Last Updated: 2020-06-09
Results Overview
Hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, and overall well-being were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Well-being was measured with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2009). Participants rated how often they felt 14 different emotions or statements, such as "happy" and "satisfied with life". Items are rated on a 6-point likert scale (0 = never, 5 = everyday). This measure assesses both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The MHC-SF is both reliable and valid for use with young adults (Robitschek \& Keyes, 2009). Total scores are created by the sum of scores for all 14 items, with a range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate greater overall well-being.
COMPLETED
NA
125 participants
Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)
2020-06-09
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
46
|
38
|
41
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
44
|
38
|
40
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
The Effects of Manipulating Expectations in a Gratitude Intervention
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=46 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=41 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
Total
n=125 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
21.46 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.43 • n=5 Participants
|
22.00 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.30 • n=7 Participants
|
21.27 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.18 • n=5 Participants
|
21.56 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.44 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
38 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
96 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White/ Caucasian
|
23 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
45 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Hispanic/ Latino/a
|
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Native Hawaiian, American Indian or Alaska Native
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black or African American
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
School Year (4th Year of Undergraduate Study)
|
33 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
90 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Family Income, Categorical (> $100,000/ year)
|
22 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
56 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Population: These are the numbers analyzed when assessing overall well-being
Hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, and overall well-being were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Well-being was measured with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2009). Participants rated how often they felt 14 different emotions or statements, such as "happy" and "satisfied with life". Items are rated on a 6-point likert scale (0 = never, 5 = everyday). This measure assesses both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The MHC-SF is both reliable and valid for use with young adults (Robitschek \& Keyes, 2009). Total scores are created by the sum of scores for all 14 items, with a range of 0-70. Higher scores indicate greater overall well-being.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=41 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF)
Pre-Intervention
|
26.15 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.512
|
21.29 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.60
|
24.37 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.35
|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF)
Post-intervention
|
26.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.82
|
23.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.19
|
23.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.21
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Well-being was measured with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2009). Participants rated how often they felt 14 different emotions or statements, such as "happy" and "satisfied with life". Items are rated on a 6-point likert scale (0 = never, 5 = everyday), with higher numbers indicating greater well-being. This measure assesses both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The MHC-SF is both reliable and valid for use with young adults (Robitschek \& Keyes, 2009). The Hedonic Well-Being Subscale is the sum of items 1-3 on the Mental Health Continuum Short-Form. Total scores range from 0-15, with higher scores indicating greater hedonic well-being. Scoring a 4 or 5 on at least one of the 3 items on the Hedonic Well-Being Subscale indicates a diagnosis of flourishing mental health.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=42 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF): Hedonic Well-Being SubScale
Pre-Intervention
|
5.86 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.84
|
4.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.36
|
5.84 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.84
|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF): Hedonic Well-Being SubScale
Post-intervention
|
6.24 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.79
|
5.03 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.50
|
5.39 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.56
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Well-being was measured with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF; Keyes, 2009). Participants rated how often they felt 14 different emotions or statements, such as "happy" and "satisfied with life". Items are rated on a 6-point likert scale (0 = never, 5 = everyday), with higher numbers indicating greater well-being. This measure assesses both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The MHC-SF is both reliable and valid for use with young adults (Robitschek \& Keyes, 2009). The score of the Eudaimonic Subscale is the sum of items 4-14 on the MHC-SF. Scores range from 0-55. Higher scores indicate greater eudaimonic well-being (i.e., greater social and psychological well-being).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=42 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF): Eudaimonic Well-Being SubScale
Pre-Intervention
|
20.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.94
|
16.34 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.51
|
18.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.53
|
|
Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF): Eudaimonic Well-Being SubScale
Post-intervention
|
20.52 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.31
|
18.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.02
|
18.55 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.96
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Sleep quality was measured with the 8-item PROMIS sleep disturbance short form (Yu et al., 2012). Participants rated their level of agreement with eight different statements about their sleep in the past seven days such as "My sleep was restless" and "I had difficulty falling asleep". Participants rated each item on a 5 point scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much). Items 2, 3, 7, and 8 were reverse scored. The total score of the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Scale is the sum of the scores for all 8 items. Total scores range from 8-40, with higher scores indicating more severe sleep disturbance.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=41 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=37 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance Scale
Pre-Intervention
|
21.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.62
|
25.43 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.08
|
20.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.90
|
|
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance Scale
Post-intervention
|
19.17 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.52
|
23.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.8
|
20.61 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.98
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Sleep quantity was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Duration Items (PSQI-4), which asks participants questions such as when they went to bed and when they woke up in the morning (Buysse et al., 1989). PSQI duration items are questions 1-4 on the PSQI, which measure how much sleep respondents have been getting. Higher hours of sleep is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=41 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=37 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Duration Items
Pre-Intervention
|
6.56 hours
Standard Deviation 1.42
|
5.91 hours
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
6.30 hours
Standard Deviation 1.09
|
|
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Duration Items
Post-intervention
|
6.86 hours
Standard Deviation 0.95
|
6.26 hours
Standard Deviation 1.60
|
6.68 hours
Standard Deviation 1.45
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Positive affect was measured with the ten-item Positive Emotions (PE) subscale of the Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) (Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, and Larkin, 2003). Participants rated how often they felt ten different groups of positive emotions such as "amused, fun-loving, silly" on a 5-point scale (0 = not at all, 4 = most of the time). The average of the items was calculated to measure positive affect, with higher numbers indicating greater positive affect.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=43 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=37 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Modified Differential Emotions Scale (MDES): Positive Emotions Subscale
Pre-Intervention
|
2.86 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.72
|
2.57 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
2.78 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
|
Modified Differential Emotions Scale (MDES): Positive Emotions Subscale
Post-intervention
|
2.85 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
2.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
2.84 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Stress was measured with the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4; Cohen, Kamarack, and Mermelstein, 1983). Participants rated how often they felt a certain way in the last week on four different items such as "How often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?" and "How often have you felt that things were going your way?" on a 5- point scale (0 = never, 4 = very often). The total score of the PSS-4 is the sum of all 4 items. Total scores range from 0-16, and higher scores indicate greater perceived stress.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=42 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Perceived Stress Scale - 4 (PSS-4)
Pre-Intervention
|
7.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.17
|
7.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.17
|
6.03 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.18
|
|
Perceived Stress Scale - 4 (PSS-4)
Post-intervention
|
6.62 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.22
|
6.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.03
|
6.16 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.33
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D, Radloff, 1977). Participants rated how often they experienced 20 different statements such as "I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me" and "I felt like everything I did was an effort" in the past week. Participants scored each item on a 4-point scale (0 = rarely or none of the time 3 = all of the time). The total score for the CES-D is the sum of all 20 items, with a range of 0-60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=42 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=37 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Pre-Intervention
|
17.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.97
|
21.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 13.12
|
17.08 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.19
|
|
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Post-intervention
|
17.40 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.45
|
18.47 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.96
|
17.08 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.96
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at Pre- and Post- Intervention (2 weeks apart)State gratitude was measured with item one of the mDES (Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh, and Larkin, 2003), which asks participants how often they felt "grateful, appreciative, or thankful" in the past two weeks. Participants rated this item on a 5-point scale (0 = not at all, 4 = most of the time), with a higher number indicating higher feelings of gratitude.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
n=43 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days.
Gratitude Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items.
|
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
n=37 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five items they are grateful for, every two days for 13 days. They will also be told a benefit of gratitude each time they write an online gratitude list.
Gratitude + Expectations Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a short gratitude list of up to five items. Participants will have a statement at the top of their Google form about the benefits of gratitude. Examples of these statements are: "Practicing gratitude may increase social connectedness" and "Cultivating gratitude was shown to improve school satisfaction in a UK sample of students".
|
Events Control
n=38 Participants
Participants will type online lists of up to five events from their day, every two day for 13 days.
Events Control Intervention: Participants will be emailed six different times, once every two days, with a link to an anonymous Google form. Each Google form will instruct participants to type a list of up to five items about events from their day.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Modified Differential Emotions Scale (MDES): State Gratitude
Pre-Intervention
|
3.07 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.74
|
2.95 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
3.11 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
|
Modified Differential Emotions Scale (MDES): State Gratitude
Post-intervention
|
3.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
3.05 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
3.13 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
Adverse Events
Gratitude + No Expectations (GNE)
Gratitude + Expectation (GE)
Events Control
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Tanera van Diggelen
University of California, Los Angeles
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place