Trial Outcomes & Findings for The Identity Project (NCT NCT03772522)
NCT ID: NCT03772522
Last Updated: 2023-06-22
Results Overview
Assessed using Beck's Hopelessness Scale, a 20-item scale which measures motivation, expectations, and feelings about the future (internal consistency α = .93). The total scoring range is 0-20, with 0-3 = no or minimal hopelessness, 4-8 = mild hopelessness, 9-14 = moderate hopelessness- requires monitoring, and 15+ = severe hopelessness- suicide risk. Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in levels of hopelessness. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of hopelessness.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
27 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Results posted on
2023-06-22
Participant Flow
Recruitment took place between March, 2018 and September, 2018. Participants were collaboratively recruited by our community partner Covenant House Toronto, who referred youth to our research team.
Although out recruitment goal was 26 youth, we exceeded that goal by recruiting 27 youth.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to the immediate intervention group are assessed for study outcomes immediately before and after the intervention.
Outcomes measured immediately post-intervention are compared with participants who have not received the intervention during the 6 weeks. After the delayed intervention group takes the intervention, the two groups are joined into a single arm.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm receive 6 weeks of no intervention. Outcomes are measured immediately before and after the 6 week period. The change in outcomes are compared with participants who have received the intervention during the 6 week period.
This group then receives the same dk Leadership intervention; after this point, the two groups are joined into a single arm for subsequent analyses.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Pre-intervention
STARTED
|
12
|
15
|
|
Pre-intervention
COMPLETED
|
9
|
11
|
|
Pre-intervention
NOT COMPLETED
|
3
|
4
|
|
Intervention
STARTED
|
9
|
11
|
|
Intervention
COMPLETED
|
8
|
11
|
|
Intervention
NOT COMPLETED
|
1
|
0
|
|
Post-intervention Follow-up
STARTED
|
8
|
11
|
|
Post-intervention Follow-up
COMPLETED
|
7
|
11
|
|
Post-intervention Follow-up
NOT COMPLETED
|
1
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to the immediate intervention group are assessed for study outcomes immediately before and after the intervention.
Outcomes measured immediately post-intervention are compared with participants who have not received the intervention during the 6 weeks. After the delayed intervention group takes the intervention, the two groups are joined into a single arm.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm receive 6 weeks of no intervention. Outcomes are measured immediately before and after the 6 week period. The change in outcomes are compared with participants who have received the intervention during the 6 week period.
This group then receives the same dk Leadership intervention; after this point, the two groups are joined into a single arm for subsequent analyses.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Pre-intervention
Withdrawal by Subject
|
3
|
4
|
|
Intervention
Withdrawal by Subject
|
1
|
0
|
|
Post-intervention Follow-up
Lost to Follow-up
|
1
|
0
|
Baseline Characteristics
The Identity Project
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=8 Participants
Participants allocated to the immediate intervention group are assessed for study outcomes immediately before and after the intervention.
Outcomes measured immediately post-intervention are compared with participants who have not received the intervention during the 6 weeks. After the delayed intervention group takes the intervention, the two groups are joined into a single arm.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
n=11 Participants
Participants allocated to this arm receive 6 weeks of no intervention. Outcomes are measured immediately before and after the 6 week period. The change in outcomes are compared with participants who have received the intervention during the 6 week period.
This group then receives the same dk Leadership intervention; after this point, the two groups are joined into a single arm for subsequent analyses.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Total
n=19 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
22.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 • n=5 Participants
|
23.2 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 • n=7 Participants
|
22.9 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black/African Canadian
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian (East Asian, South Asian, Middle Eastern)
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Immigration Status
Refugee
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Other
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Immigration Status
Canadian Citizen
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Immigration Status
Permanent Resident
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Highest Level of Education Obtained
Less than high school
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Highest Level of Education Obtained
Completed high school
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Highest Level of Education Obtained
Some or complete post-secondary
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Social Assistance
Not receiving social assistance
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Social Assistance
Unemployment benefit
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Social Assistance
Disability benefit
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Pursuing Education, Employment or Training
Currently pursuing EET
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Pursuing Education, Employment or Training
Not pursuing EET
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Current Living Situation
Market housing
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Current Living Situation
Transitional housing
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Current Living Situation
Social or subsidized housing
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Current Living Situation
Living with family
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Monthly Rent
$0-$499
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Monthly Rent
$500-$999
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Monthly Rent
$1000+
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Years Lived Apart from Family
<4
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Years Lived Apart from Family
>=4
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Number of Attempts at Leaving Homelessness
<2
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Number of Attempts at Leaving Homelessness
>=2
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Family Involvement with a Child Protection Agency
Yes
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Family Involvement with a Child Protection Agency
No
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Lived in a Foster or Group Home
Yes
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Lived in a Foster or Group Home
No
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Has Children
Yes
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Has Children
No
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant in the delayed intervention group missed the 6-week delay period and joined immediately pre-intervention.Thus, the number of participants at 6-weeks pre-baseline is 10 rather than 11. 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month follow-up. Thus the number of participants in the immediate intervention group was 7 rather than 8.
Assessed using Beck's Hopelessness Scale, a 20-item scale which measures motivation, expectations, and feelings about the future (internal consistency α = .93). The total scoring range is 0-20, with 0-3 = no or minimal hopelessness, 4-8 = mild hopelessness, 9-14 = moderate hopelessness- requires monitoring, and 15+ = severe hopelessness- suicide risk. Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in levels of hopelessness. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of hopelessness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=8 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
n=11 Participants
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
n=19 Participants
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
6-weeks pre-baseline
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
6.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.08
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
Baseline (pre-intervention)
|
4.27 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.28
|
6.55 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.80
|
5.59 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.68
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
Immediately post-intervention
|
2.63 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.46
|
5.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.01
|
4.12 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.92
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
3 Months post-intervention
|
2.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.71
|
5.55 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.80
|
4.36 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.59
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
6 Months post-intervention
|
1.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.98
|
5.01 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.57
|
3.64 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.37
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale
9 Months post-intervention
|
1.71 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.70
|
5.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.20
|
3.72 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.75
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant in the delayed intervention group missed the 6-week delay period and joined immediately pre-intervention.Thus, the number of participants at 6-weeks pre-baseline is 10 rather than 11. 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month follow-up. Thus the number of participants in the immediate intervention group was 7 rather than 8.
Assessed using the Community Integration Scale, an 11-item scale which measures behavioural (e.g., participation in activities) and psychological (e.g., sense of belonging) aspects of community integration. The CIS includes a physical subscale (with scores ranging from 0-7) and a psychological subscale (with scores ranging from 4-20). Higher scores indicate greater community integration. This scale was used extensively in the Chez Soi/At Home study, but psychometric properties have yet to be reported. Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in levels of community integration. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of community integration.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=8 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
n=11 Participants
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
n=19 Participants
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: 6-weeks pre-baseline
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
4.42 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.12
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: Baseline (pre-intervention)
|
2.50 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.20
|
3.09 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.30
|
2.84 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.89
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: Immediately post-intervention
|
3.89 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.11
|
3.45 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.86
|
3.64 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: 3 Months post-intervention
|
3.98 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.37
|
3.55 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.07
|
3.73 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.14
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: 6 Months post-intervention
|
3.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.91
|
3.64 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.50
|
3.68 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.63
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Physical sub-scale: 9 Months post-intervention
|
3.29 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.36
|
3.45 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
|
3.39 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.85
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale: 6-weeks pre-baseline
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
12.9 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.98
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale: Baseline
|
11.63 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.27
|
12.60 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.91
|
12.16 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.98
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale: Imm. post-intervention
|
11.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.36
|
13.50 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.25
|
12.79 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.39
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale:3 Months post-intervention
|
11.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.82
|
13.09 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.77
|
12.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.80
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale:6 Months post-intervention
|
11.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.60
|
13.10 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.53
|
12.21 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.04
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)
Psychological sub-scale:9 Months post-intervention
|
11.14 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.06
|
12.45 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.42
|
11.94 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.62
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant in the delayed intervention group missed the 6-week delay period and joined immediately pre-intervention.Thus, the number of participants at 6-weeks pre-baseline is 10 rather than 11. 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month follow-up. Thus the number of participants in the immediate intervention group was 7 rather than 8.
Measured using the Social Connected Scale, a 20-item scale which measures belongingness - the degree to which people feel connected to others (internal consistency α = .92). Scores range from 20-120, with higher scores indicating greater social connectedness. Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in social connectedness. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of social connectedness.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=8 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
n=11 Participants
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
n=19 Participants
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
6-weeks pre-baseline
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
70.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.10
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't taken for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
Baseline (pre-intervention)
|
74.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 13.37
|
71.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.60
|
72.26 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.39
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
Immediately post-intervention
|
75.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 25.41
|
75.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.60
|
75.42 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.23
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
3-Months post-intervention
|
82.88 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 20.79
|
75.27 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.46
|
78.47 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.92
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
6-Months post-intervention
|
84.38 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.95
|
72.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.36
|
77.32 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 16.21
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)
9-Months post-intervention
|
84.14 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.81
|
73.26 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 14.49
|
77.49 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.19
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant in the delayed intervention group missed the 6-week delay period and joined immediately pre-intervention.Thus, the number of participants at 6-weeks pre-baseline is 10 rather than 11. 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month follow-up. Thus the number of participants in the immediate intervention group was 7 rather than 8.
Assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a 10-item scale which measures of global self-worth (internal consistency α = .77 - .88). Scores range from 0-30. A score of \<15 is categorized as low self-esteem, and 15-30 is categorized as normal self-esteem. Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in self-esteem. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of self-esteem.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=8 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
n=11 Participants
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
n=19 Participants
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
6-Weeks pre-baseline
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't collected for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
17.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.91
|
NA score on a scale
Standard Deviation NA
Data wasn't collected for the immediate intervention group at this timepoint.
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
Baseline (pre-intervention)
|
16.66 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.92
|
18.50 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.09
|
17.70 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.97
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
Immediately post-intervention
|
22.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.87
|
19.20 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.31
|
20.37 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.40
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
3-Months post-intervention
|
21.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.39
|
18.09 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.11
|
19.32 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.71
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
6-Months post-intervention
|
24.75 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.23
|
19.18 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.88
|
21.53 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.70
|
|
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)
9-Months post-intervention
|
21.86 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.98
|
19.00 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.24
|
20.11 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.63
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline (immediately pre-intervention) and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month data collection period. Thus, the number of participants analyzed at 9-months is 18 rather than 19.
Acquirement of meaningful employment will be assessed. Participants will be prompted to answer questions about their current employment status, intensity of employment, and type of employment in the questionnaire. The change in the number of participants engaging in employment over time at the aggregate level will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=19 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Full-time (>=30 hours/week)
|
3 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Part-time (<30 hours/week)
|
6 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Unemployed
|
10 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Full-time (>=30 hours/week)
|
2 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Part-time (<30 hours/week)
|
5 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Unemployed
|
11 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline (immediately pre-intervention) and 9 months post-interventionPopulation: 1 participant was lost to follow-up at the 9-month data collection period. Thus, the number of participants analyzed at 9-months is 18 rather than 19.
Participants will be prompted to answer questions about their current educational pursuit, and type of schooling or training program in a questionnaire. The change in the number of participants engaging in education over time on the aggregate will be assessed.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=19 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Secondary education
|
4 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Post-secondary education
|
4 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
Baseline (pre-intervention) · Not pursuing education
|
11 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Secondary education
|
1 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Post-secondary education
|
7 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
|
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-Months
9-Months post-intervention · Not pursuing education
|
10 Participants
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionThis outcome will describe the general trajectory of career awareness. Self-awareness, confidence, ability to articulate career goals, and understanding of how to achieve career goals will be assessed in focus groups. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion. All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most convenient for the study participants, and will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. All focus groups will be analyzed together; the themes identified from the analysis will be presented as one data entry.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=19 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Number of Themes Related to Change in Career Awareness Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Themes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
|
Number of Themes Related to Change in Career Awareness Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Subthemes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionAcquirement of soft skills such as motivation, goal setting, self-discipline, and organization will be assessed in focus groups. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion. All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most convenient for the study participants, and will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. All focus groups will be analyzed together; the themes identified from the analysis will be presented as one data entry.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=19 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Number of Themes Related to Change in Knowledge and Use of Soft Skills Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Themes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
|
Number of Themes Related to Change in Knowledge and Use of Soft Skills Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Subthemes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-interventionIn focus groups, youth will be prompted to discuss the strengths and drawbacks of conventional programs for youth transitioning out of homelessness. These evaluations will be compared to this intervention to determine what aspects of programs youth find most helpful, and which could be improved upon. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion.All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most convenient for the study participants, and will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. All focus groups will be analyzed together; the themes identified from the analysis will be presented as one data entry.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
n=19 Participants
Participants receive the dk Leadership intervention immediately after their baseline interview.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Participants allocated to this arm are followed for 6 weeks after enrolment with no intervention; they then receive the dk Leadership intervention.
dk Leadership: Participants will attend two full-day workshops and four half-day group coaching sessions over the course of six weeks. The full-day workshops will focus on identity-enhancing topics such as self-understanding, creating a life of meaning and purpose, and strategic career development. The half-day group sessions will focus on workshop debriefing and on exploring solutions to transition-related challenges faced by study participants. The program was designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established leadership and executive coaching centre in Toronto, Canada.
|
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
After both groups had received the dk Leadership intervention, analyses for the immediate and delayed intervention groups were pooled for subsequent analyses. These timepoints include immediately post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, 6-months post-intervention and 9-months post-intervention.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Number of Themes Related to Participant Perspectives of Intervention Barriers and Facilitators, as Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Themes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
|
Number of Themes Related to Participant Perspectives of Intervention Barriers and Facilitators, as Informed by Focus Groups With Participants
Subthemes
|
2 Key themes identified
|
—
|
—
|
Adverse Events
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Naomi Thulien
MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto
Phone: 647-460-0781
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place