Trial Outcomes & Findings for Augmenting Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (NCT NCT03743571)

NCT ID: NCT03743571

Last Updated: 2024-10-22

Results Overview

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak fear). \*\*\*This outcome report is for the duration of the matched BAT. The total possible range of the speech is from 0 to 300 seconds. Longer speech durations indicate greater approach, which is a better outcome.\*\*\*

• Recruitment status: TERMINATED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 33 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment
• Results posted on: 2024-10-22

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
Overall Study STARTED	17	16
Overall Study COMPLETED	15	13
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	2	3

Reasons for withdrawal

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
Overall Study Withdrawal by Subject	1	1
Overall Study Lost to Follow-up	1	2

Baseline Characteristics

Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=16 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=15 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Total n=31 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	16 Participants n=16 Participants	15 Participants n=15 Participants	31 Participants n=31 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Age, Continuous	19.75 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.45 • n=16 Participants	20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.51 • n=15 Participants	19.87 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.46 • n=31 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	14 Participants n=16 Participants	11 Participants n=15 Participants	25 Participants n=31 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	2 Participants n=16 Participants	4 Participants n=15 Participants	6 Participants n=31 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	10 Participants n=16 Participants	10 Participants n=15 Participants	20 Participants n=31 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	6 Participants n=16 Participants	5 Participants n=15 Participants	11 Participants n=31 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	13 Participants n=16 Participants	13 Participants n=15 Participants	26 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	3 Participants n=16 Participants	2 Participants n=15 Participants	5 Participants n=31 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=16 Participants	0 Participants n=15 Participants	0 Participants n=31 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	16 Participants n=16 Participants	15 Participants n=15 Participants	31 Participants n=31 Participants
BAT: Matched Audience, Speech Duration	112 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 49 • n=16 Participants	159 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 94 • n=15 Participants	135 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 76 • n=31 Participants
BAT: Matched Audience, Anticipated Anxiety	70 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 16 • n=15 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.	64 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 29 • n=15 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.	67 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 23 • n=30 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.
BAT: Matched Audience, Peak Anxiety	59 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 31 • n=16 Participants	65 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 24 • n=15 Participants	62 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 27 • n=31 Participants
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Speech Duration	121 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 75 • n=16 Participants	155 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 103 • n=15 Participants	137 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 90 • n=31 Participants
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Anticipated Anxiety	66 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22 • n=15 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.	69 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22 • n=15 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.	68 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 22 • n=30 Participants • Anticipated anxiety ratings at baseline (BAT matched and unmatched) were missing for one participant in the anodal tDCS condition (n= 15 total, instead of n = 16 for this measure only), due to an experimenter error.
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Peak Anxiety	69 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 27 • n=16 Participants	72 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 21 • n=15 Participants	71 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 24 • n=31 Participants
Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety	149 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 • n=16 Participants	145 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 • n=15 Participants	147 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=31 Participants
Positive Self Statements	10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 • n=16 Participants	10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=15 Participants	10 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=31 Participants
Negative Self Statements	14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 • n=16 Participants	13 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=15 Participants	14 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=31 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: Completer-only analysis (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak fear).

***This outcome report is for the duration of the matched BAT. The total possible range of the speech is from 0 to 300 seconds. Longer speech durations indicate greater approach, which is a better outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Matched Audience, Speech Duration	129 seconds Standard Deviation 52	141 seconds Standard Deviation 65

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: Completer only (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak anxiety).

***This outcome report is for anticipated anxiety during the matched BAT. The total possible range of the subjective rating is from 0 to 100. Higher ratings indicate greater anxiety, which is a worse outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Matched Audience, Anticipated Anxiety	39 units on a scale Standard Deviation 19	38 units on a scale Standard Deviation 25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak anxiety).

***This outcome report is for peak anxiety during the matched BAT. The total possible range of the subjective rating is from 0 to 100. Higher ratings indicate greater anxiety, which is a worse outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Matched Audience, Peak Anxiety	36 units on a scale Standard Deviation 21	26 units on a scale Standard Deviation 27

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak fear).

***This outcome report is for the duration of the unmatched BAT. The total possible range of the speech is from 0 to 300 seconds. Longer speech durations indicate greater approach, which is a better outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Speech Duration	145 seconds Standard Deviation 60	168 seconds Standard Deviation 72

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak anxiety).

***This outcome report is for anticipated anxiety during the unmatched BAT. The total possible range of the subjective rating is from 0 to 100. Higher ratings indicate greater anxiety, which is a worse outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Anticipated Anxiety	43 units on a scale Standard Deviation 21	40 units on a scale Standard Deviation 25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation).

During Behavioral Approach Tests (BATs), participants will provide a speech to (a) an audience primarily matched to their ethnicity, and (b) an audience primarily un-matched to their ethnicity. The speech will be for up to 5 minutes in duration. During each BAT, we will assess fear response behaviorally (length of the speech, up to 5 min in duration) and subjectively (self reported levels of anticipated and peak anxiety).

***This outcome report is for peak anxiety during the unmatched BAT. The total possible range of the subjective rating is from 0 to 100. Higher ratings indicate greater anxiety, which is a worse outcome.***

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=14 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=12 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
BAT: Unmatched Audience, Peak Anxiety	35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 21	28 units on a scale Standard Deviation 24

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completer only (no imputation). Note: Three additional participants were excluded from the primary outcome data, but not secondary outcome data. Social distancing guidelines prevented them from attending a lab visit to complete the primary outcome measure (the BATs), but they were able to complete the secondary outcome measures remotely (questionnaires).

Participants will complete the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA), a 34-item questionnaire that assesses public speaking anxiety. The items are sum scored, and totals range from 34 to 170, with higher scores indicating higher levels of public speaking anxiety.

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=15 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=13 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety	133.47 score on a scale Standard Deviation 16.69	131.15 score on a scale Standard Deviation 17.87

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation). Note: Three additional participants were excluded from the primary outcome data, but not secondary outcome data. Social distancing guidelines prevented them from attending a lab visit to complete the primary outcome measure (the BATs), but they were able to complete the secondary outcome measures remotely (questionnaires).

Participants will complete the Positive Self Statements subscale of the Self Statements During Public Speaking Scale (SSPS). The SSPS is 10-item questionnaire that asses both positive and negative self statements associated with public speaking. The items within each of the two subscales are summed, with total scores ranging from 0 to 25 for each subscale, and higher scores indicating higher levels of agreement with positive or negative self statements, respectively. Higher scores on the positive self statements indicate less anxiety.

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=15 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=13 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
Positive Self Statements	11.13 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.14	10.69 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.57

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: follow-up, one month after baseline assessment

Population: completers only (no imputation). Note: Three additional participants were excluded from the primary outcome data, but not secondary outcome data. Social distancing guidelines prevented them from attending a lab visit to complete the primary outcome measure (the BATs), but they were able to complete the secondary outcome measures remotely (questionnaires).

Participants will complete the Negative Self Statements subscale of the Self Statements During Public Speaking Scale (SSPS). The SSPS is 10-item questionnaire that asses both positive and negative self statements associated with public speaking. The items within each of the two subscales are summed, with total scores ranging from 0 to 25 for each subscale, and higher scores indicating higher levels of agreement with positive or negative self statements, respectively. Higher scores on the negative self statements indicate more anxiety.

Outcome measures

Measure	Anodal tDCS During Exposure n=15 Participants anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (2mA) will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality	Sham tDCS During Exposure n=13 Participants sham transcranial direct current stimulation will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ during exposure therapy at a level that provides the physical sensations of tDCS but which is non-therapeutic transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS will be applied over EEG coordinate FpZ to target mPFC activation during exposure therapy exposure therapy: participants will complete one session of exposure therapy for fear of public speaking, which will involve providing speeches to audiences in virtual reality
Negative Self Statements	12.33 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.95	11.77 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.83

Adverse Events

Anodal tDCS During Exposure

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Sham tDCS During Exposure

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Cynthia Lancaster

University of Nevada Reno

Phone: (775) 682-8144

Email: cynthialancaster@unr.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place