Trial Outcomes & Findings for Kids SipSmartER, an Intervention to Reduce Sugar-sweetened Beverages (NCT NCT03740113)
NCT ID: NCT03740113
Last Updated: 2025-04-15
Results Overview
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
COMPLETED
NA
1013 participants
Baseline and 7-months
2025-04-15
Participant Flow
Unit of analysis: Schools
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
547 6
|
466 6
|
|
Overall Study
Student Started
|
357 6
|
308 6
|
|
Overall Study
Caregiver Started
|
190 6
|
158 6
|
|
Overall Study
Student Completed
|
329 6
|
258 6
|
|
Overall Study
Caregiver Completed
|
126 6
|
110 6
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
455 6
|
368 6
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
92 0
|
98 0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=6 Schools
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=6 Schools
Control arm receives no intervention
|
Total
n=12 Schools
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
Student Age (years)
|
12.6 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.5 • n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
12.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.4 • n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
12.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.5 • n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Age, Continuous
Caregiver Age (years)
|
40.8 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.0 • n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
40.4 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.2 • n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
40.6 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.7 • n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Student Gender · Female
|
182 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
107 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
289 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Student Gender · Male
|
122 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
109 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
231 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Student Gender · Other or unknown
|
2 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
4 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
6 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Caregiver Gender · Female
|
112 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
96 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
208 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Caregiver Gender · Male
|
6 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
6 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
12 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Sex/Gender, Customized
Caregiver Gender · Other or unknown
|
0 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Student Ethnicity · Hispanic or Latino
|
15 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
9 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
24 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Student Ethnicity · Not Hispanic or Latino
|
291 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
211 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
502 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Student Ethnicity · Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
0 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
0 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Ethnicity · Hispanic or Latino
|
1 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
0 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
1 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Ethnicity · Not Hispanic or Latino
|
117 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
102 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
219 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Ethnicity · Unknown or Not Reported
|
0 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
0 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
0 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number of participants includes the combination of student and caregiver participants within each arm of the study.
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · American Indian or Alaska Native
|
42 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
32 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
74 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · Asian
|
6 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
6 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
12 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
3 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
4 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
7 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · Black or African American
|
9 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
10 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
19 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · White
|
235 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
155 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
390 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Student Race · Unknown or Not Reported
|
11 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
13 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
24 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · American Indian or Alaska Native
|
1 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
1 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · Asian
|
2 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
1 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
3 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
1 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
1 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · Black or African American
|
3 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
4 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
7 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · White
|
105 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
88 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
193 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
0 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Caregiver Race · Unknown or Not Reported
|
7 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
8 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
15 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
424 participants
n=424 Participants
|
322 participants
n=322 Participants
|
746 participants
n=746 Participants
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Underweight (student BMI < 5th%; caregiver BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)
|
5 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
4 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
9 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Healthy Weight (student BMI 5th- <85th%; caregiver BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2)
|
142 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
103 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
245 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Overweight (student BMI 85th-<95th%; caregiver BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2)
|
57 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
39 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
96 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Obese (student BMI 95th -<99th%; caregiver BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2)
|
58 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
40 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
98 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Severe Obesity (student BMI >/= 99th%; caregiver BMI >/= 30 kg/m2)
|
33 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
15 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
48 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Student BMI Status · Other or unknown
|
11 Participants
n=306 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
19 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
30 Participants
n=526 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Underweight (student BMI < 5th%; caregiver BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)
|
1 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
3 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
4 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Healthy Weight (student BMI 5th- <85th%; caregiver BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2)
|
16 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
28 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
44 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Overweight (student BMI 85th-<95th%; caregiver BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2)
|
31 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
27 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
58 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Obese (student BMI 95th -<99th%; caregiver BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2)
|
26 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
16 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
42 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Severe Obesity (student BMI >/= 99th%; caregiver BMI >/= 30 kg/m2)
|
34 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
21 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
55 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
BMI status
Caregiver BMI Status · Other or unknown
|
10 Participants
n=118 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
7 Participants
n=102 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
17 Participants
n=220 Participants • Total number includes Student and Caregiver participants numbers combined
|
|
Student BMI z-score
|
0.9 z-score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1 • n=295 Participants • BMIz-scores are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
1.0 z-score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.0 • n=201 Participants • BMIz-scores are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
0.9 z-score
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1 • n=496 Participants • BMIz-scores are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
|
Student BMI percentile
|
73.2 percentile
STANDARD_DEVIATION 27.1 • n=295 Participants • BMI percentiles are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
75.8 percentile
STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.6 • n=201 Participants • BMI percentiles are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
74.1 percentile
STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.2 • n=496 Participants • BMI percentiles are only calculated for the student sample. A total of 11 KSS student participants and 19 control student participants were not weighed and therefore are not in the sample.
|
|
Caregiver Educational Attainment
High School, GED, or less
|
28 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
28 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
56 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
|
Caregiver Educational Attainment
Some college, Associates degree
|
49 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
36 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
85 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
|
Caregiver Educational Attainment
4-year college degree or higher
|
36 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
35 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
71 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
|
Caregiver Educational Attainment
Other or unknown
|
5 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
3 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
8 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked for their educational attainment.
|
|
Caregiver Household Income
<$25,000
|
20 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
18 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
38 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
|
Caregiver Household Income
$25,000-$49,000
|
16 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
20 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
36 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
|
Caregiver Household Income
$50,000-$74,999
|
25 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
18 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
43 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
|
Caregiver Household Income
>/= $75,000
|
37 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
31 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
68 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
|
Caregiver Household Income
Other or unknown
|
20 Participants
n=118 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
15 Participants
n=102 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
35 Participants
n=220 Participants • Only caregivers are asked to report their family's annual household income
|
|
Caregiver BMI
|
32.1 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.7 • n=108 Participants • Only caregivers weight and height were calculated into a BMI. Additionally, a total of 10 KSS caregiver participants and 7 caregiver control participants did not report their weights and heights so BMI could not be calculated for them.
|
29.5 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0 • n=95 Participants • Only caregivers weight and height were calculated into a BMI. Additionally, a total of 10 KSS caregiver participants and 7 caregiver control participants did not report their weights and heights so BMI could not be calculated for them.
|
30.8 kg/m2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.9 • n=203 Participants • Only caregivers weight and height were calculated into a BMI. Additionally, a total of 10 KSS caregiver participants and 7 caregiver control participants did not report their weights and heights so BMI could not be calculated for them.
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes student participants. While caregivers were analyzed for change in SSB, caregiver SSB change was a secondary outcome and therefore they are not reported here. Overall participants analyzed includes students who completed both the baseline and 7 month follow up items for the BEVQ-15.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=306 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=220 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months (All Participants)
|
-9.9 fluid ounces
Interval -12.2 to -7.6
|
-2.7 fluid ounces
Interval -5.4 to -0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes caregiver participants. While students were analyzed for change in SSB, student SSB change was a primary outcome and therefore they are not reported here. Overall participants analyzed includes caregivers who completed both the baseline and 7 month follow up items for the BEVQ-15.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=118 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=102 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months (All Participants)
|
-8.2 fluid ounces
Interval -12.3 to -4.1
|
-6.3 fluid ounces
Interval -11.3 to -1.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: Because BMI is calculated differently for adults, this analysis only includes student participants. Caregiver BMI changes are reported separately. Overall participants analyzed includes students who completed both the baseline and 7 month height and weight measures.
Student BMI z-score: BMI z-score was calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference standards. The z-score represents the number of standard deviations a child's BMI is from the population mean for age and sex. A z-score of 0 corresponds to the median BMI of the reference population. Positive values indicate a BMI higher than the reference median, while negative values indicate a BMI lower than the reference median. Higher z-scores generally indicate increased adiposity, with standard clinical thresholds defining overweight as a BMI z-score ≥ 1 and obesity as a BMI z-score ≥ 2.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=295 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=166 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: BMI Z-score Change From Baseline to 7-months
|
0.02 z-score
Interval -0.01 to 0.05
|
-0.018 z-score
Interval -0.09 to 0.06
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: Because BMI is calculated differently for children, this analysis only includes caregiver participants. Student BMI changes are reported separately. Overall participants analyzed includes caregivers who reported their baseline and 7 month height and weight measures.
Caregiver BMI was calculated from height and weight data using the following equation: kg/m\^2
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=105 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=92 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: BMI Change From Baseline to 7-Months
|
-0.3 kg/m^2
Interval -0.6 to -0.1
|
-0.65 kg/m^2
Interval -1.0 to -0.3
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: Overall participants analyzed includes students and caregivers who completed both the baseline and 7 month overall health rating item.
Overall health rating is a Single item question asking to rate general overall health and scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1=poor to 5=excellent.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=422 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=311 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student and Caregiver: Quality of Life Change From Baseline to 7-months--Overall Health Rating
Students: Overall Health Rating Change
|
0.06 units on a scale
Interval 0.003 to 0.1
|
0.03 units on a scale
Interval -0.1 to 0.2
|
|
Student and Caregiver: Quality of Life Change From Baseline to 7-months--Overall Health Rating
Caregivers: Overall Health Rating Change
|
0.04 units on a scale
Interval 0.0 to 0.1
|
-0.06 units on a scale
Interval -0.2 to 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: Questions were only asked of caregiver and students are not included in the analysis. Overall participants analyzed includes caregivers who completed both the baseline and 7-month follow up items for the quality of life scale.
Using validated scoring procedures, an unhealthy days score was computed by adding the number of physically and mentally unhealthy days within the past 30 days, with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 30 days. Higher scores indicate worse quality of life.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=109 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=93 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: Quality of Life Change From Baseline to 7-months--Unhealthy Days
|
-0.3 units on a scale
Interval -1.1 to 0.6
|
-1.7 units on a scale
Interval -4.3 to 0.9
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes student participants. Caregiver quality of life measures are reported separately. Overall participants analyzed includes students who completed both the baseline and 7 month school related function items.
School-related quality of life (QOL) was assessed with the 5-item school functioning subscale of the Pediatric QOL Inventory which used a 5-point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = never a problem, 5 = almost always a problem). Applying validated scoring procedures, items were reverse-scored and linearly transformed to a 0 to 100 scale with higher scores indicating higher school-related QOL.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=294 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=211 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: Quality of Life Change From Baseline to 7-months--school Related Function
|
-1.7 units on a scale
Interval -3.9 to 0.4
|
-3.9 units on a scale
Interval -7.0 to -0.07
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes caregiver participants who consumed \> 24 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While students were analyzed similarly, student SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a primary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=33 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=28 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Caregivers Consuming > 24 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-23.7 fluid ounces
Interval -29.7 to -17.7
|
-9.8 fluid ounces
Interval -13.6 to -6.1
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes caregiver participants who consumed \> 12 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While students were analyzed similarly, student SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a primary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=58 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=50 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Caregivers Consuming > 12 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-17.5 fluid ounces
Interval -20.8 to -14.2
|
-7.1 fluid ounces
Interval -9.1 to -5.1
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes caregiver participants who consumed \> 8 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While students were analyzed similarly, student SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a primary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=70 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=58 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Caregiver: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Caregivers Consuming > 8 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-15.0 fluid ounces
Interval -18.6 to -11.5
|
-5.8 fluid ounces
Interval -7.2 to -4.5
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes student participants who consumed \> 24 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While caregivers were analyzed similarly, caregiver SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a secondary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=141 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=82 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Students Consuming > 24 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-23.0 fluid ounces
Interval -27.0 to -19.0
|
-10.3 fluid ounces
Interval -17.7 to -2.9
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes student participants who consumed \> 12 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While caregivers were analyzed similarly, caregiver SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a secondary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=213 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=136 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Students Consuming > 12 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-15.5 fluid ounces
Interval -19.0 to -12.0
|
-7.4 fluid ounces
Interval -11.2 to -3.7
|
POST_HOC outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 7-monthsPopulation: This analysis only includes student participants who consumed \> 8 fluid ounces of SSB at Baseline AND who completed both the Baseline and 7 month SSB items for the BEVQ-15. While caregivers were analyzed similarly, caregiver SSB change across Baseline SSB intake was a secondary outcome and therefore they are not reported here.
Change in ounces of sugar sweetened beverage consumption from Baseline to 7-months as measured via the validated Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEVQ-15). Participants were asked to report how often and how much of the following sugary drinks they consumed in the past 30 days: regular soft drinks, sweetened juice beverage/drink, sweetened tea, coffee with sugar, energy/sports drinks. Using standardized and validated scoring procedures, daily totals for each of the sugary beverages were determined by multiplying intake frequency by portion size. These daily total intakes were then summed across the five sugary drink types to obtain a total daily intake, in fluid ounces, of all sugary drinks. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the baseline sugary drink intake from the 7 month follow-up.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Kids SipSmartER
n=247 Participants
Kids SIPsmartER is a 12 session, 6-month program with an integrated two-way short service message (SMS) strategy to engage caregivers in SSB role modeling and supporting home SSB environment changes
Kids SipSmartER: Kids SIPsmartER is grounded by the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as health literacy, media literacy, numeracy, and public health literacy concepts
|
Control
n=160 Participants
Control arm receives no intervention
|
|---|---|---|
|
Student: SSB Change From Baseline to 7-months for Students Consuming > 8 fl oz SSB at Baseline
|
-13.5 fluid ounces
Interval -16.2 to -10.8
|
-5.7 fluid ounces
Interval -8.5 to -2.9
|
Adverse Events
Kids SipSmartER
Control
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place