MiACLR: Michigan Initiative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation

NCT ID: NCT03626857

Last Updated: 2026-01-02

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 135 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2019-02-22
• Study Completion Date: 2025-01-09

Brief Summary

This clinical trial evaluates interventions to maximize muscle function and improve cartilage health following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Improving muscle function may improve patient outcomes, improve joint mechanics, and potentially serve as a prevention approach for post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease that carries a substantial burden to society and to the individual affected.

Detailed Description

Restoring quadriceps muscle strength following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may help prevent the post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis that affects over 50% of knees 10-20 years after surgical reconstruction. However, a fundamental gap exists in current understanding of how to maximize muscle strength following ACLR, as current rehabilitation fails to restore symmetrical quadriceps strength. The investigators pilot work shows that when patients return to activity, quadriceps strength is ~70% of the uninjured side, which is far below the recommended 90%. Further, these data suggest that embedding high-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and eccentric exercise into standard of care ACL rehabilitation leads to higher quadriceps strength when compared with standard of care alone. However, the true efficacy of these interventions is unknown, as controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are currently lacking. The absence of this information serves as the driving force and focus of the proposed trial. Therefore, the investigators propose a double-blind randomized controlled trial where ACLR patients will be randomized to 1 of 2 arms. Study arms will include: 1) 8 weeks of NMES+8 weeks of eccentric exercise; 2) 8 weeks of NMES placebo+8 weeks of eccentric placebo. All study arms will receive standard of care ACL rehabilitation in addition to the study interventions. The investigators hypothesize that subjects receiving NMES+eccentric exercise (Arm 1) will realize greater improvements in strength and biomechanical function at 6 months following ACLR than patients in the placebo study arm. Further, the investigators anticipate that patients in the NMES+eccentric exercise arm (Arm 1) will best eliminate negative changes in cartilage health at 18 months following ACLR. This study is innovative, because it employs interventions that directly target the primary mechanisms that result in strength loss following ACLR and will also evaluate whether improving muscle strength can minimize early changes in cartilage health, which may be indicative of future osteoarthritis. The proposed research is significant because it will identify evidence-based treatment approaches that can successfully counteract the muscle weakness which plagues ACLR patients for years after injury and contributes to the onset of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Conditions

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: DOUBLE

Study Groups

NMES+ECC

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and Eccentric Exercise (ECC). Patients randomized to the NMES+ECC group will first receive NMES for 2x/week for 8 weeks, beginning at the first post-operative visit. Beginning at 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients will begin to receive eccentric exercise 2x/week for an additional 8 weeks. For NMES, patients will have electrical stimulation delivered to their quadriceps. Fifteen isometric actions lasting 10 seconds each will be elicited during each session. For eccentric exercise, patients will train for 4 sets of 10 repetitions. This group will also receive standard of care ACL rehabilitation alongside the study interventions.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)

Intervention Type: DEVICE

The electrical stimulator will deliver a 2500 Hz alternating current, modulated at 75 bursts/s, with a ramp-up time of 2-seconds, followed by a 50-second rest period. Stimulus intensity set to generate a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of at least 40\& of the contralateral MVIC.

Eccentric Exercise (ECC)

Intervention Type: OTHER

4 sets of 10 repetitions of an eccentric leg press exercise performed at 70-90% of the 1 repetition maximum

NMES placebo + ECC placebo

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) low intensity/placebo + Eccentric Exercise (ECC) low intensity/placebo arm. Patients randomized to the NMES low intesntiy/placebo + ECC low intensity/placebo group will first receive NMES placebo/low-intensity treatment for 2x/week for 8 weeks, beginning at the first post-operative physical therapy visit. Beginning at 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients will begin to receive an eccentric exercise low-intensity/placebo 2x/week for 8 weeks.

For the NMES low intensity/placebo, patients will have it delivered to their quadriceps 2x/week for 8 weeks beginning at the first post-operative visit. Fifteen isometric actions lasting 10 seconds each will be elicited during each session.

For the eccentric exercise low-intensity/placebo, patients will begin to receive eccentric exercise two times per week for 8 weeks. Patients will train for 4 sets of 10 repetitions.

Group Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) placebo

Intervention Type: DEVICE

The electrical stimulator will deliver a 2500 Hz alternating current, modulated at 75 bursts/s, with a ramp-up time of 2-seconds, followed by a 50-second rest period. Stimulus intensity set to generate a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of 10-20% of the contralateral MVIC.

Eccentric Exercise (ECC) placebo

Intervention Type: OTHER

4 sets of 10 repetitions of an eccentric leg press exercise performed at 10-20% of the 1 repetition maximum

Interventions

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)

The electrical stimulator will deliver a 2500 Hz alternating current, modulated at 75 bursts/s, with a ramp-up time of 2-seconds, followed by a 50-second rest period. Stimulus intensity set to generate a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of at least 40\& of the contralateral MVIC.

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Eccentric Exercise (ECC)

4 sets of 10 repetitions of an eccentric leg press exercise performed at 70-90% of the 1 repetition maximum

Intervention Type: OTHER

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) placebo

The electrical stimulator will deliver a 2500 Hz alternating current, modulated at 75 bursts/s, with a ramp-up time of 2-seconds, followed by a 50-second rest period. Stimulus intensity set to generate a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of 10-20% of the contralateral MVIC.

Intervention Type: DEVICE

Eccentric Exercise (ECC) placebo

4 sets of 10 repetitions of an eccentric leg press exercise performed at 10-20% of the 1 repetition maximum

Intervention Type: OTHER

Other Intervention Names

Electrical Stimulation; Estim

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Acute, complete ACL rupture
• ACL reconstruction with autograft
• Scheduled to undergo ACLR at U of Michigan
• Willingness to participate in testing and follow-up as outlined

Exclusion Criteria

• Previous surgery to either knee
• Bony fracture accompanying ACL injury
• Patients who experienced a knee dislocation
• Female participants who are pregnant or planning pregnancy

• Minimum Eligible Age: 14 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 45 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

NIH

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Connecticut

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Delaware

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Michigan

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Riann Palmieri-Smith

Associate Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

MedSport

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

Countries

United States

References

Rodriguez K, Garcia SA, Spino C, Lepley LK, Pang Y, Wojtys E, Bedi A, Angelini M, Ruffino B, Bolley T, Block C, Kellum J, Swartout A, Palmieri-Smith RM. Michigan Initiative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation (MiACLR): A Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial. Phys Ther. 2020 Dec 7;100(12):2154-2164. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa169.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 32939539 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

Document Type: Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan

View Document

Document Type: Informed Consent Form

View Document

Other Identifiers

1R01HD093626-01A1

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: secondary_id

View Link

HUM00144992

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id