Trial Outcomes & Findings for Yoga to Prevent Mobility Limitations in Older Adults (NCT NCT03544879)

NCT ID: NCT03544879

Last Updated: 2019-10-21

Results Overview

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) measures time to walk four meters; time to five chair stands; and balance, with higher scores being associated with decreased disability and mortality. These 3 components are rated on a scale from 0-4 and they are summed to provide a total SPPB score ranging from 0-12.

• Recruitment status: COMPLETED
• Study phase: NA
• Target enrollment: 46 participants
• Primary outcome timeframe: Change in SPPB from baseline to 10 weeks
• Results posted on: 2019-10-21

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Measure	Yoga The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Overall Study STARTED	22	24
Overall Study Completed Follow-up Physical Assessment	20	21
Overall Study COMPLETED	22	23
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Yoga to Prevent Mobility Limitations in Older Adults

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Measure	Yoga n=22 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=24 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex	Total n=46 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	22 Participants n=5 Participants	24 Participants n=7 Participants	46 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Continuous	71.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.3 • n=5 Participants	76.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.8 • n=7 Participants	73.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	15 Participants n=5 Participants	13 Participants n=7 Participants	28 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	7 Participants n=5 Participants	11 Participants n=7 Participants	18 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized African-American	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized White	18 Participants n=5 Participants	20 Participants n=7 Participants	38 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native American	1 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian/Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=5 Participants	1 Participants n=7 Participants	1 Participants n=5 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic	3 Participants n=5 Participants	2 Participants n=7 Participants	5 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	22 participants n=5 Participants	24 participants n=7 Participants	46 participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Change in SPPB from baseline to 10 weeks

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) measures time to walk four meters; time to five chair stands; and balance, with higher scores being associated with decreased disability and mortality. These 3 components are rated on a scale from 0-4 and they are summed to provide a total SPPB score ranging from 0-12.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=20 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=21 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)	1.55 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.67	1.18 units on a scale Standard Deviation 1.33

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Population: 2 participants in each group completed written self-report measures but not physical assessments at 10 weeks (follow-up).

The Step Up and Over (SUO) test measures gait quality as it may influence negotiating curbs, climbing or descending stairs, and predicting fall risk. The lift index quantifies the maximum lifting force exerted by the leading leg expressed as a percentage of the individual's weight as measured by the force plate, with scores closer to 100% demonstrating greater force.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=21 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=20 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Step Up and Over (SUO)	-0.65 percent of weight Standard Deviation 9.0	8.7 percent of weight Standard Deviation 26.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Population: 2 participants in each group completed written self-report measures but not physical assessments at 10 weeks (follow-up).

Rhythmic Weight Shift (RWS) measures participant ability to rhythmically move between two targets at different speeds. The On-Axis Velocity is the speed of the COG displacement in degrees per second during on-axis movement between the test target(s), with greater velocity indicating faster movement through the region of stability

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=21 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=20 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Rhythmic Weight Shift (RWS)	0.07 degrees per second Standard Deviation 1.14	-0.15 degrees per second Standard Deviation 0.83

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Population: 2 participants in each group completed written self-report measures but not physical assessments at 10 weeks (follow-up).

The SOT assesses the sensory components of balance by measuring postural sway balance in different conditions as a useful predictor of fall risk. The ratio score indicates ability to maintain balance in the presence of inaccurate visual cues. Scores are represented as a percentage from 0 to 100, with scores closer to 100 indicating greater stability.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=21 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=20 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Sensory Organization Test (SOT) Vestibular	-1.1 percent stability maintained Standard Deviation 23.8	8.9 percent stability maintained Standard Deviation 29.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Population: 2 participants in each group completed written self-report measures but not physical assessments at 10 weeks (follow-up).

The LOS is used to define a participant's "cone of stability" and measures components of balance and stability related to reaction time, directional control, and the ability to make corrective movements. Movement velocity indicates the speed of center of gravity (COG) displacement in degrees per second, with higher values signifying quicker movement through the region of stability.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=21 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=20 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Limits of Stability (LOS)	-0.62 degrees per second Standard Deviation 1.62	0.51 degrees per second Standard Deviation 1.61

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Population: 2 participants in each group completed written self-report measures but not physical assessments at 10 weeks (follow-up).

Grip Strength was assessed with an adjustable, hydraulic grip strength dynamometer.(26) The measure uses the average of two trials for both the left and right hand.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=20 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=21 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Grip Strength	0.12 pounds of pressure Standard Deviation 8.03	-5.2 pounds of pressure Standard Deviation 11.72

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

The SF-36 has 36 items and takes about 8-10 minutes to complete. The scale measure domains of health-related quality of life and two summary scores corresponding to physical and mental health. Scores for each subscale are standardized and range from 0-100 with higher scores representing better quality of life.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=22 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=23 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
SF-36 Physical	0.23 units on a scale Standard Deviation 5.99	-1.2 units on a scale Standard Deviation 5.21
SF-36 Mental	0.7 units on a scale Standard Deviation 5.6	-3.2 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Depression was assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10). Scores can range from 0-30 with higher scores indicating higher levels of depressive symptoms.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=22 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=23 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10)	-0.35 units on a scale Standard Deviation 3.15	1.14 units on a scale Standard Deviation 3.59

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Anxiety was assessed using the Brief Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The self-administered BAI consists of 21 items, and has well-established reliability(29) and validity. Scores can range from 0-63 with higher scores indicating greater levels of anxiety.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=22 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=23 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Brief Anxiety Inventory (BAI)	0.18 units on a scale Standard Deviation 7.48	2.87 units on a scale Standard Deviation 5.89

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Change from baseline to 10 weeks

Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The measure has 21 items and scores can range from 0-21 with higher scores indicating lower sleep quality.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=22 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=23 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	-0.5 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.52	-0.2 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.27

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 10 weeks

Participant Satisfaction with participation was rated on a 0-10 scale (10 = most positive) usingquestions about enjoyment with and benefits of participation.

Outcome measures

Measure	Yoga n=23 Participants The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=22 Participants The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Participant Satisfaction	8.1 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.7	8.4 units on a scale Standard Deviation 2.8

Adverse Events

Yoga

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 13 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Health Education

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 9 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Measure	Yoga n=22 participants at risk The yoga intervention consisted of 2x weekly 60-minute sessions for 10 weeks. Yoga consists of postures, breathing exercises, movement, and meditation/concentration.. Yoga Intervention: The 60-minute yoga sessions began with a brief breathing practice led by the instructor. The yoga instructor then led students through yoga poses at a gentle pace using chairs as props as needed. The pace of the class increased slowly over time as students became more familiar and more capable with the poses. Meditation and breathing was followed by chair poses (15-20 minutes), standing poses (10-15 minutes), floor poses (15 minutes), and lastly a supine resting pose (Savasana; 10 minutes). In the Silver Age Yoga method at that time, there were 73 available postures overall including: 35 Chair Postures, 18 Standing Postures, 20 Floor Postures, with a typical class covering 20-25 poses.	Health Education n=24 participants at risk The health education comparison intervention consisted of once weekly, 90-minute health information workshops conducted in group format. Sessions generally consisted of a 60-minute lecture followed by 30 minutes of questions and discussion. The lecture titles for Weeks 1-10 were as follows: Introduction/ Exploring Communication, The Science of Successful Aging, Acupuncture 101: How it Works \& What it is Good for, Quality of Life/Quality of Well Being, Fighting Cancer With Your Fork, Forgiveness via Shakespeare's: A Winter's Tale, Better Eyesight in Minutes a Day, Brain Fitness, The Importance of Organic Foods/ Organic Gardening, How Dementia Can Be Modified. Lectures were provided by a mix of credentialed ex
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Increased pain	59.1% 13/22 • Number of events 13 • 10 weeks	37.5% 9/24 • Number of events 9 • 10 weeks

Additional Information

Dr. Erik Groessl

UC San Diego

Phone: 858-642-6347

Email: egroessl@ucsd.edu

Results disclosure agreements

• Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
• Publication restrictions are in place