Parent-Level Predictors of Early Language Interaction Quality and Intervention Outcomes

NCT ID: NCT03525951

Last Updated: 2025-11-13

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

156 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2021-03-22

Study Completion Date

2025-09-18

Brief Summary

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Children with poor early language skills are at risk for academic, social, vocational, and health difficulties across the lifespan. Parent training-as part of early language intervention-is a cost-effective option to address this public health issue, but these interventions demonstrate large individual differences in outcomes and barriers to scalability. The purpose of this research is to examine parent-level predictors of early language interaction quality and modifiability during training, which will help increase intervention effectiveness.

Detailed Description

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This is a minimal-risk, behavioral clinical trial for adult parents and their children (2;6-4;0). The purpose of this study is to determine if and how parent language skills and behavioral awareness influence early language interactions and parent training. Participants will include parent-child dyads in three groups: 1) children who are typically developing (TD; Study 1 and 2), 2) children at risk for persistent developmental language disorder (DLD; Study 1 and 2), and 3) children with autism spectrum disorder and at risk for persistent DLD (ASD+DLD; Study 2). The investigators will examine whether parental language skills predict early language interaction quality (Aim 1; Study 1), whether parental behavioral awareness predicts modifiability during training (Aim 2; Study 2), and whether these predictors vary across children-specifically TD children, children with DLD, or with ASD+DLD (Aim 3; Study 2). The primary outcome measure will be parents' use of language stimulation strategies. The secondary outcome measure will be the number of adult-child conversational turns. The investigators hypothesize that parent language skills (Study 1) and behavioral awareness (Study 2) will be positively associated with the outcomes. However, the strength of the association may vary across the groups. The Study 1 protocol will involve a screening session and observational data collection sessions (TD and DLD groups). Study 1 will be a fully remote model of data collection. The Study 2 protocol will involve five sessions-baseline data collection (all groups), three parent training sessions (DLD and ASD+DLD), and follow-up data collection (all groups) across approximately five weeks. Study 2 will be fully remote. The investigators will collect data from demographic questionnaires, language and learning assessments, measures of parental behavioral awareness, and measures of parent-child language interaction quality (Study 1 and 2). These measures will be administered before and after three parent training sessions (Study 2). These sessions will follow the Teach-Model-Coach-Review framework (TMCR; 1) to train the Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) strategies of responsive interaction, matched turns, language modeling, and expansions. After the training, parent-child dyads will complete the structured interaction and behavioral awareness tasks again (Study 2). The investigators will conduct inter- and intra-group analyses to explore the relationships between the independent (i.e., parent language abilities and behavioral awareness) and dependent (i.e., parent-child language interaction quality and parent modifiability during training) variables.

Conditions

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Language Development Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Study 1 (Remote) : Participants in the TD and DLD groups will receive no treatment; observational data only.

Study 2 (Remote): Participants in the DLD and ASD+DLD groups will receive the Enhanced Milieu Teaching intervention. Participants in the TD will serve as the no-treatment comparison group.
Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors
The research team members doing the language sample analysis and behavioral coding will be blind to group membership (Study 1 and 2) and whether the session was recorded pre-test vs. posttest (Study 2).

Study Groups

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Typically Developing Children Study 2 (TD2)

No-intervention comparison group measured over time.

Group Type OTHER

no intervention comparison group

Intervention Type OTHER

No intervention for observational (Study 1 and 2) and training (Study 2) data comparison.

Children with Dev Language Disorder Study 2 (DLD2)

Enhanced Milieu Teaching

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Enhanced Milieu Teaching

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The parent training will incorporate the EMT strategies of responsive interaction, matched turns, language modeling, and expansions. There will be three, hour-long parent training sessions following the teach-model-coach-review format (TMCR). The TMCR framework teaching component will involve 10 minutes of verbal and visual instruction on the language stimulation target of interest. The teaching component will be followed by 15 minutes of clinician modeling of the target strategies with the child while the parent watches. The parent will then have the opportunity to practice using the strategy during naturalistic interaction with their child. The clinician will provide individualized coaching on the use of the target strategy during this 20-minute, parent-child interaction. Finally, the clinician will review the target strategies and set goals.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Study 2 (ASD+DLD 2)

Enhanced Milieu Teaching

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Enhanced Milieu Teaching

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

The parent training will incorporate the EMT strategies of responsive interaction, matched turns, language modeling, and expansions. There will be three, hour-long parent training sessions following the teach-model-coach-review format (TMCR). The TMCR framework teaching component will involve 10 minutes of verbal and visual instruction on the language stimulation target of interest. The teaching component will be followed by 15 minutes of clinician modeling of the target strategies with the child while the parent watches. The parent will then have the opportunity to practice using the strategy during naturalistic interaction with their child. The clinician will provide individualized coaching on the use of the target strategy during this 20-minute, parent-child interaction. Finally, the clinician will review the target strategies and set goals.

Typically Developing Children Study 1 (TD1)

No-intervention group for observational data comparison.

Group Type OTHER

no intervention comparison group

Intervention Type OTHER

No intervention for observational (Study 1 and 2) and training (Study 2) data comparison.

Children with Dev Language Disorder Study 1 (DLD1)

No-intervention group for observational data comparison.

Group Type OTHER

no intervention comparison group

Intervention Type OTHER

No intervention for observational (Study 1 and 2) and training (Study 2) data comparison.

Interventions

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Enhanced Milieu Teaching

The parent training will incorporate the EMT strategies of responsive interaction, matched turns, language modeling, and expansions. There will be three, hour-long parent training sessions following the teach-model-coach-review format (TMCR). The TMCR framework teaching component will involve 10 minutes of verbal and visual instruction on the language stimulation target of interest. The teaching component will be followed by 15 minutes of clinician modeling of the target strategies with the child while the parent watches. The parent will then have the opportunity to practice using the strategy during naturalistic interaction with their child. The clinician will provide individualized coaching on the use of the target strategy during this 20-minute, parent-child interaction. Finally, the clinician will review the target strategies and set goals.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

no intervention comparison group

No intervention for observational (Study 1 and 2) and training (Study 2) data comparison.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Live in a Pennsylvania or New Jersey zip code that is within a 30-mile radius of Weiss Hall at Temple University (STUDY 1) or live in Wisconsin (STUDY 2).
* Have access to the internet and willingness to videoconference (STUDY 1 AND 2)

a. If a family does not have an adequate digital device (e.g., smartphone only) to videoconference and complete testing, we might lend them a device.
* 18 or older (STUDY 1 AND 2)
* Be an adult parent able to consent for the child to participate in the study (parents in this study can include any caregiver who meets these criteria) (STUDY 1 AND 2)
* English dominant (at least 80%) (STUDY 1 AND 2)
* Have no self-reported diagnosed hearing loss (or no concerns if they have not been tested) (STUDY 1 AND 2).
* Have no reported disabling developmental or acquired disorders or impairments that might significantly affect their performance beyond autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or speech-language disorders (e.g., legal blindness, Down Syndrome, traumatic head injury, stroke) (STUDY 1 AND 2).

Inclusion - Children, Typically Developing Group (TD) (Study 1 and 2)

* age 1 year 4 months - 1 year 8 months 30 days at the start of testing
* English dominant (at least 80%)
* No parent-reported diagnosed hearing loss (or no concerns if the child has not been tested).
* Have typical language abilities as evidenced by meeting two criteria:

1. Score above the 10th percentile on the Mac Arthur Communicative Development Inventories-Words and Sentences (CDI-WS; long form) Complexity section using sex-specific norms.
2. Score above the 10th percentile on the CDI-WS (long form) Words Produced using sex-specific norms
* Have no parent reported disabling developmental or acquired disorders/impairments that might significantly affect their performance including speech- language disorders (e.g., ASD, DLD, cancer, stroke, legal blindness, intellectual disability, Down Syndrome, traumatic head injury, cerebral palsy, seizures, or a genetic condition associated with neurodevelopmental disability).
* Pass the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised with Follow-Up screener

Inclusion - Children, DLD Group (study 1 and 2)

* age 2 years 6 months - 4 years 0 months 0 days at the start of testing
* English dominant (at least 80%)
* No parent-reported diagnosed hearing loss (or no concerns if the child has not been tested).
* Qualify as at risk for persistent language disorder by meeting two criteria:

1. Score at or below the 10th percentile on the Mac Arthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory-III (CDI-III) Sentences section using sex-specific norms. For children over 37 mos., score must be less than or equal to the 10th percentile equivalent for 37 mos.
2. Score at or below the 10th percentile on the CDI-III Vocabulary section using sex-specific norms. For children over 37 mos., score must be less than or equal to the 10th percentile equivalent for 37 mos. The child must also produce at least 10 different words on either the CDI-III or CDI-Words and Sentences (CDI-WS long form).
* Have no parent reported disabling developmental or acquired disorders/impairments that might significantly affect their performance beyond speech- language disorders (e.g., ASD, cancer, stroke, legal blindness, intellectual disability, Down Syndrome, traumatic head injury, cerebral palsy, seizures, or a genetic condition associated with neurodevelopmental disability other than DLD).
* Pass the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised with Follow-Up screener

Inclusion - Children, DLD+ASD Group (STUDY 2)

* 2 years 6 months - 4 years 0 months 0 days at the start of testing
* English dominant (at least 80%)
* No parent-reported diagnosed hearing loss (or no concerns if the child has not been tested).
* Have received ASD diagnosis from a healthcare professional prior to beginning the study.
* Qualify as at risk for persistent language disorder by meeting two criteria:

1. Score at or below the 10th percentile on the Mac Arthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory-III (CDI-III) Sentences section using sex-specific norms.

For children over 37 mos., score must be less than or equal to the 10th percentile equivalent for 37 mos.
2. Score at or below the 10th percentile on the CDI-III Vocabulary section using sex-specific norms. For children over 37 mos., score must be less than or equal to the 10th percentile equivalent for 37 mos. The child must also produce at least 10 different words on either the CDI-III or CDI-Words and Sentences (CDI-WS long form).
* Have no parent reported disabling developmental or acquired disorders/impairments that might significantly affect their performance beyond speech-language disorders or ASD (e.g., cancer, stroke, legal blindness, intellectual disability, Down Syndrome, traumatic head injury, cerebral palsy, seizures, or a genetic condition associated with neurodevelopmental disability other than ASD/DLD).
Minimum Eligible Age

30 Months

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

NIH

Sponsor Role collaborator

University of Wisconsin, Madison

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Rebecca M Alper, Ph.D., CCC-SLP

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Locations

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University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin, United States

Site Status

Countries

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United States

Provided Documents

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Document Type: Informed Consent Form

View Document

Other Identifiers

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1K23DC017763-01A1

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: secondary_id

View Link

L&S/COMMUN SCI & DISORDERS

Identifier Type: OTHER

Identifier Source: secondary_id

Protocol version 2/25/25

Identifier Type: OTHER

Identifier Source: secondary_id

2023-0405

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id