Trial Outcomes & Findings for Baltimore HEARS: Hearing Health Equity Through Accessible Research & Solutions (NCT NCT03442296)

Last Updated: 2022-10-04

Results Overview

Measure was collected through a one-on-one interview with a trained data collector. Higher scores indicate increased hearing handicap. Scoring: 0-8 suggests no hearing handicap 10-24 suggests mild-moderate hearing handicap 26-40 suggests significant hearing handicap Change from baseline is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a worsening in hearing handicap.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

151 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Results posted on

2022-10-04

Participant Flow

Study recruitment began in April 2018 and ended in October 2019. Participants were recruited from independent senior housing in Baltimore City and County and from Baltimore City senior centers and social centers.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
3 Month Follow-up STARTED	78	73
3 Month Follow-up COMPLETED	73	70
3 Month Follow-up NOT COMPLETED	5	3
12 Month Follow-up STARTED	58	52
12 Month Follow-up COMPLETED	57	51
12 Month Follow-up NOT COMPLETED	1	1

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
3 Month Follow-up Death	3	1
3 Month Follow-up Lost to Follow-up	1	1
3 Month Follow-up Withdrawal by Subject	1	0
3 Month Follow-up Obtained Hearing Aids	0	1
12 Month Follow-up Incomplete measurement	1	1

Baseline Characteristics

1 survey missing from immediate group. 1 survey refused from immediate group

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=78 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=73 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Total n=151 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	76.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 • n=78 Participants	78.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8 • n=73 Participants	77.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 • n=151 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Sex · Female	47 Participants n=78 Participants	54 Participants n=73 Participants	101 Participants n=151 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Sex · Male	31 Participants n=78 Participants	17 Participants n=73 Participants	48 Participants n=151 Participants
Sex/Gender, Customized Sex · NA	0 Participants n=78 Participants	2 Participants n=73 Participants	2 Participants n=151 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity · Black	40 Participants n=78 Participants	25 Participants n=73 Participants	65 Participants n=151 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity · Hispanic	1 Participants n=78 Participants	2 Participants n=73 Participants	3 Participants n=151 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity · White Not Hispanic	37 Participants n=78 Participants	39 Participants n=73 Participants	76 Participants n=151 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity · Other	0 Participants n=78 Participants	7 Participants n=73 Participants	7 Participants n=151 Participants
Living Arrangement Does not live alone	25 Participants n=78 Participants	17 Participants n=73 Participants	42 Participants n=151 Participants
Living Arrangement Lives Alone	53 Participants n=78 Participants	56 Participants n=73 Participants	109 Participants n=151 Participants
Education High School or Equivalent	20 Participants n=78 Participants	22 Participants n=73 Participants	42 Participants n=151 Participants
Education Less than High School	21 Participants n=78 Participants	21 Participants n=73 Participants	42 Participants n=151 Participants
Education More than High School	37 Participants n=78 Participants	30 Participants n=73 Participants	67 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income Less than $25,000	48 Participants n=78 Participants	48 Participants n=73 Participants	96 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income $25,000 to $49,999	16 Participants n=78 Participants	16 Participants n=73 Participants	32 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income $50,000 to $74,999	7 Participants n=78 Participants	4 Participants n=73 Participants	11 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income $75,000 to $99,999	2 Participants n=78 Participants	2 Participants n=73 Participants	4 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income $100,000 to $149,999	0 Participants n=78 Participants	1 Participants n=73 Participants	1 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income Don't Know	3 Participants n=78 Participants	1 Participants n=73 Participants	4 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income Refused	2 Participants n=78 Participants	0 Participants n=73 Participants	2 Participants n=151 Participants
Monthly Household Income Skipped	0 Participants n=78 Participants	1 Participants n=73 Participants	1 Participants n=151 Participants
Montreal Cognitive Assessment	22.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 • n=76 Participants • 1 survey missing from immediate group. 1 survey refused from immediate group	23.5 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 • n=73 Participants • 1 survey missing from immediate group. 1 survey refused from immediate group	23 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.2 • n=149 Participants • 1 survey missing from immediate group. 1 survey refused from immediate group
Speech-Frequency Pure Tone Average	41.5 db HL STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.8 • n=78 Participants	42.6 db HL STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 • n=73 Participants	42 db HL STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 • n=151 Participants
Hearing Loss Mild	43 Participants n=78 Participants	35 Participants n=73 Participants	78 Participants n=151 Participants
Hearing Loss Moderate to severe	35 Participants n=78 Participants	38 Participants n=73 Participants	73 Participants n=151 Participants
Prior Hearing Aid Use No prior Hearing Aid Use	66 Participants n=78 Participants	52 Participants n=73 Participants	118 Participants n=151 Participants
Prior Hearing Aid Use Prior Hearing Aid Use	11 Participants n=78 Participants	21 Participants n=73 Participants	32 Participants n=151 Participants
Prior Hearing Aid Use Don't Know	1 Participants n=78 Participants	0 Participants n=73 Participants	1 Participants n=151 Participants
HHIE-S (Hearing handicap inventory for the elderly - screening)	21.7 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.4 • n=76 Participants • 2 incomplete surveys from the immediate group	20.1 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 • n=73 Participants • 2 incomplete surveys from the immediate group	21 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 • n=149 Participants • 2 incomplete surveys from the immediate group
UCLA Loneliness Scale	23.3 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=75 Participants • 5 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 2 delayed)	20.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=71 Participants • 5 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 2 delayed)	22 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 • n=146 Participants • 5 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 2 delayed)
Patient Health Questionnaire - Depression Score (PHQ-9)	6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 • n=75 Participants • 8 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 5 delayed)	5.9 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 • n=68 Participants • 8 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 5 delayed)	6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 • n=143 Participants • 8 incomplete surveys not included (3 immediate, 5 delayed)
Cohen Social Network Index (SNI): Network Diversity	4.8 number of roles STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 • n=73 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)	4.9 number of roles STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 • n=70 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)	4.8 number of roles STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=143 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)
Cohen Social Network Index (SNI): Social Network Size	17 number of people n=73 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)	15.5 number of people n=70 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)	16 number of people n=143 Participants • 8 incomplete measures not included (5 immediate, 3 delayed)
12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12): Mental Component Score	48.5 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 • n=75 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)	49.4 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.9 • n=70 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)	49 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 • n=145 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)
12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Score	39 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 • n=75 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)	39.4 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.1 • n=70 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)	39.2 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 • n=145 Participants • 6 incomplete measures not included (3 immediate, 3 delayed)
Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Short Form (REALM-SF)	6.1 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 • n=77 Participants • 1 incomplete measure not included from immediate group	6.1 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=73 Participants • 1 incomplete measure not included from immediate group	6.1 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=150 Participants • 1 incomplete measure not included from immediate group
Adapted from Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Computer Self Efficacy	19.3 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 • n=78 Participants	19.1 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 • n=73 Participants	19.2 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 • n=151 Participants
Adapted from Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Listening Device Interest	13.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=78 Participants	14.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=73 Participants	14.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=151 Participants
Adapted from Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Listening Device Self Efficacy	21.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 • n=77 Participants • 3 incomplete measures not included (1 immedaite, 2 delayed)	20.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 • n=71 Participants • 3 incomplete measures not included (1 immedaite, 2 delayed)	21.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 • n=148 Participants • 3 incomplete measures not included (1 immedaite, 2 delayed)
Own Smartphone Doesn't own smartphone	36 Participants n=78 Participants	32 Participants n=73 Participants	68 Participants n=151 Participants
Own Smartphone Owns smartphone	42 Participants n=78 Participants	40 Participants n=73 Participants	82 Participants n=151 Participants
Own Smartphone NA	0 Participants n=78 Participants	1 Participants n=73 Participants	1 Participants n=151 Participants
Used Computer within past month "I do not have or use a computer"	38 Participants n=78 Participants	38 Participants n=73 Participants	76 Participants n=151 Participants
Used Computer within past month "I have or use a computer but I do not go on the internet"	9 Participants n=78 Participants	6 Participants n=73 Participants	15 Participants n=151 Participants
Used Computer within past month "I have or use a computer and I used the internet"	31 Participants n=78 Participants	29 Participants n=73 Participants	60 Participants n=151 Participants
Used text or email within the past month Most days	27 Participants n=78 Participants	24 Participants n=73 Participants	51 Participants n=151 Participants
Used text or email within the past month Some days	8 Participants n=78 Participants	13 Participants n=73 Participants	21 Participants n=151 Participants
Used text or email within the past month Rarely	10 Participants n=78 Participants	10 Participants n=73 Participants	20 Participants n=151 Participants
Used text or email within the past month Not within the past month	33 Participants n=78 Participants	26 Participants n=73 Participants	59 Participants n=151 Participants
Adapted from Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Total Score	28.9 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 • n=78 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group	28.9 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1 • n=71 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group	28.9 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 • n=149 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group
Adapted from Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Complex Listening Self- Efficacy	7.7 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.9 • n=78 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in the delayed group	7.3 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.7 • n=72 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in the delayed group	7.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8 • n=150 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in the delayed group
Adapted from Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Directed Listening Self-Efficacy	13.7 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 • n=78 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group	13.8 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 • n=71 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group	13.8 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.2 • n=149 Participants • 2 incomplete baseline measures in the delayed group
Adapted from Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Dialog in Quiet Listening Self-Efficacy	7.4 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=78 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in delayed group	7.7 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=72 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in delayed group	7.6 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 • n=150 Participants • 1 incomplete baseline measure in delayed group
Hearing Knowledge	3.3 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=73 Participants • 9 incomplete baseline measures (5 immediate, 4 delayed)	3.4 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 • n=69 Participants • 9 incomplete baseline measures (5 immediate, 4 delayed)	3.4 score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 • n=142 Participants • 9 incomplete baseline measures (5 immediate, 4 delayed)

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 4 incomplete baseline measures (2 immediate, 2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 3 incomplete 3 month measures from immediate group

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=68 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=68 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE-S)	-13.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.3	.06 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 5 incomplete baseline measures (3 immediate, 2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 16 incomplete 3 month measures (11 immediate, 5 delayed)

Measure was collected via a one-on-one interview conducted by a trained data collector. Score is the sum of 20-item self-reported measure. Scores range from 20 to 80. Score ranges: 20-34 - Low degree of loneliness 35-49 - Moderate degree of loneliness 50-64 - Moderately high degree of loneliness 65-80 - High degree of loneliness. Change from baseline is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a worsening in degree of loneliness.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=59 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=63 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale	-2.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.7	-0.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 8 incomplete baseline measures (3 immediate, 5 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 11 incomplete 3 month measures (9 immediate, 2 delayed)

Measure collected via one-on-one interview conducted by trained data collectors. Total of 9 questions, scored from 0 to 3. The score from each question are summed to a total score, which can range from 0 to 27. Interpretation of Total Score Total Score Depression Severity 0 No depression 1-4 Minimal depression 5-9 Mild depression 10-14 Moderate depression 15-19 Moderately severe depression 20-27 Severe depression. Change from baseline is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a worsening in depression severity.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=61 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=63 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Self-reported Depression in Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)	-1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.3	-0.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 6 incomplete baseline measures (3 immediate, 3 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 12 incomplete 3 month measures (11 immediate, 1 delayed)

The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) was collected through a one-on-one interview with a trained data collector. The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) measures the construct of self-reported health-related quality of life. Here we report the mental component which relates to mental health functioning. Score ranges from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better mental health functioning. Change from baseline is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a better health state.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=59 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=66 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Component Score	1.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.2	-1.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) was collected through a one-on-one interview with a trained data collector. The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) measures the construct of self-reported health-related quality of life. Here we report the physical component which relates to physical health functioning. Score ranges from 0-100 with higher scores indicating better physical health functioning. Change from baseline is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a better health state.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=59 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=66 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Short Form -12 (SF-12) Physical Component Score	4.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.4	-0.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 10.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 5 incomplete measures at baseline (3 immediate, 2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 17 incomplete 3 month measures (12 immediate, 5 delayed)

Change from baseline in total number of high contact roles the participant interacts with at least every 2 weeks (such as family, friends, work). Maximum of 12 roles included on the measure. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a more diverse network.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=58 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=63 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Cohen Social Network Index (SNI): Network Diversity	0.3 number of roles Standard Deviation 1.2	-0.0 number of roles Standard Deviation 1.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 5 incomplete baseline measures (3 immediate, 2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 17 incomplete 3 month measures (12 immediate, 5 delayed)

Change from baseline in total number of individuals in high contact roles the participant interacts with at least every 2 weeks (such as family, friends, work). .An increase in the number of individuals from baseline (a positive number) indicates an increase in their social network size.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=58 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=63 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Cohen Social Network Index (SNI): Social Network Size	1.8 number of individuals Standard Deviation 10.5	1.0 number of individuals Standard Deviation 7.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 7 incomplete baseline measures (3 immediate, 4 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 11 incomplete 3 month measures (10 immediate, 1 delayed)

This self-reported 13 question measure asks the participant how much they agree or disagree on a 5 point Likert scale when asked a statement about the meaning of life and personal goals. Score ranges from 0 to 65. Higher score means higher value of life. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher value of life.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=60 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=65 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Valuation of Life	0.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 6.9	-0.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 12 incomplete 3 month measures (11 immediate, 1 delayed)

A 5 question measure surveying self-reported self-efficacy of computer use on a 5 point Likert scale. Score ranges from 0 to 25. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=62 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=69 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Computer Self-Efficacy	-0.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.8	0 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

Population: 3 incomplete baseline measures (1 immediate, 2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 10 incomplete 3 month measures from immediate group

A 5 question measure surveying self-reported device self-efficacy on a 5 point Likert scale. Score ranges from 0 to 25. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=62 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=68 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Device Self-Efficacy	-0.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.8	-0.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 3.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 months post-intervention (Immediate Group) or 3 months post-baseline (Delayed Group)

A 5 question measure surveying self-reported self-efficacy of listening device interest on a 5 point Likert scale. Score ranges from 0 to 25. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=63 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=70 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Attitudes Towards Computers Questionnaire (ATCQ): Listening Device Interest	0.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.3	-0.4 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 month post-intervention (immediate group) or 3 month post-baseline (delayed group)

Population: 2 incomplete baseline measures (2 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 12 incomplete 3 month measures (12 immediate)

This 5 question survey measures listening self efficacy on a 0-10 scale in different situations such as being able to understand a conversation in a quiet room to a crowded restaurant. Participants answer with a higher number the more confident they are in the presented situation. Maximum possible score is 50. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=61 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=68 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Total Score	10.8 score on a scale Standard Deviation 11.3	-0.7 score on a scale Standard Deviation 8.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 month post-intervention (immediate group) or 3 month post-baseline (delayed group)

Population: 1 incomplete baseline measures (1 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 12 incomplete 3 month measures (12 immediate)

This measure is the combined score of two questions where a participant self-reported their listening self efficacy on a 0-10 scale in complex listening situations. Participants answer with a higher number the more confident they are in the presented situation. Score ranges from 0 to 20. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=61 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=69 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Complex Listening	5.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.7	-0.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 month post-intervention (immediate group) or 3 month post-baseline (delayed group)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=61 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=68 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Directed Listening	4.2 score on a scale Standard Deviation 5.1	-0.1 score on a scale Standard Deviation 4.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 month post-intervention (immediate group) or 3 month post-baseline (delayed group)

This measure is a participant's self-reported listening self efficacy on a 0-10 score scale in a dialog in quiet listening situation. Participants answer with a higher number the more confident they are in the presented situation. Maximum possible score is 10. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates a higher self-efficacy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Immediate Treatment Group n=61 Participants Immediate treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.	Delayed Treatment Group n=69 Participants 3-month delayed treatment with Baltimore HEARS intervention Baltimore HEARS: Tailored aural rehabilitation for participant and communication partner (if applicable) Baltimore HEARS: Tailored fitting and programming of a personal sound amplifier. This will be accompanied by a component of aural rehabilitation.
Change From Baseline in Adapted From Listening Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (LSEQ): Dialog in Quiet	1.5 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.7	-0.6 score on a scale Standard Deviation 2.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline and 3 month post-intervention (immediate group) or 3 month post-baseline (delayed group)

Population: 9 incomplete baseline measures (5 immediate, 4 delayed) 1 obtained hearing aids (1 delayed) 1 withdrew consent (1 immediate) 4 non-study related deaths (3 immediate, 1 delayed) 2 lost to follow up (1 immediate, 1 delayed) 14 incomplete 3 month measures (12 immediate, 2 delayed)

This 5 question measure asks participants about their hearing knowledge based on the information presented in the intervention. The score ranges from 0 to 5. Change from baseline score is reported. An increase in the score from baseline (a positive number) indicates more hearing knowledge.