Trial Outcomes & Findings for Nurse-Family Partnership Impact Evaluation in South Carolina (NCT NCT03360539)

Results Overview

Composite of at least one of: small for gestational (SGA), or low birth weight (LBW) less than 2500 grams, preterm birth (PTB) less than 37 weeks' gestation (obstetric estimate), or perinatal mortality (fetal death at or after 20 weeks of gestation or mortality in the first 7 days of life).

Recruitment status

ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

5670 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

0-7 days after index birth; vital records, mortality records, and fetal death records

Results posted on

2025-12-12

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Overall Study STARTED	3806	1864
Overall Study Participants matched to index birth or index fetal death	3319	1647
Overall Study COMPLETED	3295	1637
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	511	227

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.

Baseline characteristics by cohort

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 0-7 days after index birth; vital records, mortality records, and fetal death records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Composite of at least one of: small for gestational (SGA), or low birth weight (LBW) less than 2500 grams, preterm birth (PTB) less than 37 weeks' gestation (obstetric estimate), or perinatal mortality (fetal death at or after 20 weeks of gestation or mortality in the first 7 days of life).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3319 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1647 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Composite Birth Outcome	892 Participants	430 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims or hospital discharge data

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Composite of at least one health care encounter or mortality associated with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes indicating either major injury, or, concern for abuse or neglect for the participant's index child(ren).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Whose Child Experienced a Major Injury or Concern for Abuse or Neglect	901 Participants	438 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: within 21 months after index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Having a subsequent birth within the first 21 months of the index birth

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Inter-birth Interval of < 21 Months	363 Participants	199 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant birth weight below the 10th percentile for infants of the same gestational age

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Infant Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)	553 Participants	265 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant birth weight above the 90th percentile for infants of the same gestational age

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Infant Born Large for Gestational Age (LGA)	166 Participants	95 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Infant Born With Low Birth Weight (LBW)	436 Participants	219 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Infant With Very Low Birth Weight	78 Participants	48 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

A continuous measure of infant birth weight (grams)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Birth Weight (Continuous)	3085.2 grams Standard Deviation 609.6	3095.7 grams Standard Deviation 38.1

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant born before 37 weeks' gestation (obstetric estimate)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Preterm Birth	379 Participants	190 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an infant born before 28 weeks' gestation.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Extremely Preterm Birth	32 Participants	16 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Gestational age at birth in weeks (continuous)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Gestational Age at Birth	38.2 weeks Standard Deviation 2.3	38.1 weeks Standard Deviation 2.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 1 week after index birth; mortality records and fetal death records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Fetal death at or after 20 weeks of gestation or mortality in the first 7 days of life

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3319 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1647 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Perinatal Mortality	27 Participants	10 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, those who experienced an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for at least one night

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3046 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1497 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a NICU Admission of at Least Overnight	241 Participants	128 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Assisted ventilation immediately after delivery, assisted ventilation for more than six hours, seizure, receipt of surfactant replacement therapy, and receipt of antibiotics for suspected sepsis.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1647 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Neonatal Morbidity	328 Participants	144 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants experiencing a cesarean delivery for their index birth.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Cesarean Delivery	1015 Participants	530 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; hospital discharge

Population: The analysis population for this outcome includes participants who matched to an index birth in claims data.

Severe acute maternal morbidity as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3464 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1694 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Severe Acute Maternal Morbidity	56 Participants	23 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within one year after index birth; mortality records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants experiencing all-cause mortality within one year postpartum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Maternal Mortality	5 Participants	1 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within two years after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants experiencing neonatal abstinence disorder (NAS) or maternal drug/substance abuse in the first two years postpartum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Neonatal Abstinence Disorder (NAS) or Maternal Drug/Substance Abuse	708 Participants	367 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 2 years after index birth; Medicaid claims, mortality records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Includes any ICD code for healthcare encounter associated with experiencing violence or mortality associated with homicide based on ICD code

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Violence or Homicide	55 Participants	27 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 12 weeks after index birth; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a postpartum visit in first 12 weeks after an index birth.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3261 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1616 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Postpartum Visit	2079 Participants	1038 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

With adequacy defined using the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU), where prenatal care began by the 4th month and at least 80% of recommended visits were attended

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3065 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1522 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received Adequate Prenatal Care	2572 Participants	1283 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of emergency department visits during pregnancy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3065 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1522 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Emergency Department Visits During Pregnancy	2.1 number of visits Standard Deviation 2.5	2.0 number of visits Standard Deviation 2.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; Medicaid claims and dental records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a dental visit during pregnancy (preventive or treatment).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3065 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1522 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Dental Visit During Pregnancy	625 Participants	275 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 18-22 weeks gestation during index pregnancy. Assessed at index birth using Medicaid claims.

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an ultrasound (anatomy scan) at 18-22 weeks.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3065 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1522 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Ultrasound at 18-22 Weeks	2293 Participants	1134 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At index birth; Medicaid claims

Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel: Rhesus-D (DRh), red blood cell (RBC) antibody screen, complete blood count (CBC), urine culture, urinalysis; sexually transmitted infection (STI) screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if \<25, gonorrhea if \<25); Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 24-28 weeks' gestation of index pregnancy; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received a glucose screen at 24-28 weeks' gestation. Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D \[Rh\], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if \<25, gonorrhea if \<25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3028 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1502 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received a Gestational Diabetes Test (24-28 Weeks)	1747 Participants	869 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 27-36 weeks' gestation of index pregnancy; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received Tdap vaccination at 27-36 weeks' gestation. Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D \[Rh\], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if \<25, gonorrhea if \<25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=2723 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1347 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Tdap Vaccination (27-36 Weeks)	914 Participants	446 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 35-37 weeks' gestation of index pregnancy; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received Group B streptococcus test at 35-37 weeks' gestation. Note: Our original prenatal screening outcome variable included the obstetric panel (D \[Rh\], RBC antibody screen, CBC, urine culture, urinalysis), STI screenings (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia if \<25, gonorrhea if \<25), Group B strep screening, and glucose screening. However, since most participants had already completed their first prenatal visit prior to enrolling in the trial (when many of these tests are performed), it was not appropriate to include first-visit tests as outcomes. We therefore modified the outcome to instead use three clinically relevant measures that could occur after enrollment: glucose screening, Group B strep screening, and Tdap vaccination. These outcomes are reported as they appear in the published papers.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=1807 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=885 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Group B Streptococcus Test (35-37 Weeks)	1150 Participants	602 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 60 days postpartum; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Diagnosis for depression/anxiety/stress reaction or antidepressant prescription or outpatient mental health visit

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Mental Health Diagnosis or Outpatient Treatment	1048 Participants	543 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 60 days postpartum; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with a diagnosis of depression/anxiety/stress reaction.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Diagnosis of Depression/Anxiety/Stress Reaction	937 Participants	491 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 60 days postpartum; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with an antidepressant prescription.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Antidepressant Prescription	435 Participants	216 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 60 days postpartum; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants with at least one outpatient mental health visit.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Outpatient Mental Health Visit	165 Participants	76 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 120 days of treatment initiation; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Second antidepressant prescription or outpatient mental health visit within 120 days of treatment initiation ("acute phase")

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Mental Health Treatment Follow up	292 Participants	142 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 12 months postpartum; Hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Based on all-listed diagnoses (i.e. primary or secondary) for depression/anxiety/stress reaction

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Mental Health Related Emergency/Inpatient Visit	459 Participants	202 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy or 12 months postpartum; Hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Based on all-listed diagnoses (i.e. primary or secondary) for depression/anxiety/stress reaction

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Mental Health Related Emergency/Inpatient Visits	.24 number of visits Standard Deviation 0.89	.21 number of visits Standard Deviation 0.83

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge, mortality records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Health care encounter or mortality associated with ICD codes indicating major injury

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Whose Child Experienced a Major Injury	878 Participants	430 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge, mortality records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Health care encounter or mortality associated with ICD codes indicating concern for abuse or neglect

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Whose Child Experienced Concern for Abuse or Neglect	137 Participants	66 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of injuries for child

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Injuries	0.2 number of injuries Standard Deviation 0.6	0.3 number of injuries Standard Deviation 0.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants whose child had at least one visit to the emergency department.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Whose Child Had an Emergency Department Visit	2306 Participants	1192 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Total number of child visits to the emergency department (without admission)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Child Emergency Department Visits	2.3 number of visits Standard Deviation 2.8	2.4 number of visits Standard Deviation 2.8

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Mortality records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

All-cause child mortality in first 24 months of life

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3319 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1647 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Experiencing Child Mortality	49 Participants	21 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 15 months after index birth; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants that received the recommended number of well-child visits.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With Recommended Number of Well-child Visits	1150 Participants	537 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 15 months after index birth; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants whose child received at least one lead screening.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With Lead Screening	2093 Participants	1030 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: At 12 months after index birth; Medicaid claims

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants whose child received at least one developmental screening.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With Developmental Screening	1070 Participants	540 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims and dental records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Child receives a dental screen at least once in first 24 months

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Dental Visit	1096 Participants	509 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims and dental records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Share with recommended fluoride treatments received by child

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With Fluoride Treatment	1146 Participants	570 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Having a subsequent birth within the first 24 months of the index birth

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Inter-birth Interval of < 24 Months	474 Participants	244 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 15 months after index birth; vital records

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Having a subsequent birth within the first 15 months of the index birth

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With an Inter-birth Interval of < 15 Months	148 Participants	85 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 60 months after index birth; vital records

Continuous measure of inter-birth interval

Outcome measures

Outcome data not reported

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 6 weeks after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants who received any family planning-related counseling or service.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Family Planning Visit (6 Weeks)	1303 Participants	669 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 6 weeks after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received implant, immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (IPP-LARC), long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), or sterilization and moderately effective contraception to include path, ring, diaphragm, injectables and contraceptive pills

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received a Highly or Moderately Effective Method of Contraception (6 Weeks)	1013 Participants	512 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 6 weeks after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants who received immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in first 6 weeks postpartum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received Immediate Postpartum Long-acting Reversible Contraception (6 Weeks)	384 Participants	176 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 12 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants who received any family planning-related counseling or service in the first year postpartum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With a Family Planning Visit (1 Year)	2378 Participants	1188 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 12 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Received implant, IPP-LARC, LARC, or sterilization and moderately effective contraception to include path, ring, diaphragm, injectables and contraceptive pills

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received a Highly or Moderately Effective Method of Contraception (1 Year)	2165 Participants	1075 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 12 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants who received a postpartum intrauterine device insertion in first 12 months postpartum.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received a Postpartum Intrauterine Device Insertion (1 Year)	476 Participants	227 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Months from pregnancy to first take up of family planning counseling or service

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=2470 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1229 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Time to First Take-up of Family Planning Counseling or Service	2 months Standard Error 3.6	1.9 months Standard Error 3.3

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; Medicaid claims, hospital discharge

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with missing outcome data, an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Months from discharge to first take up of highly effective contraceptive method (include implant, IPP-LARC, LARC, or sterilization)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=1016 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=465 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Time to First Take-up of Highly Effective Contraceptive Method	2.5 months Standard Deviation 4.3	2.6 months Standard Deviation 4.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: During index pregnancy, assessed up to 42 weeks; South Carolina Department of Social Services data and birth certificate data respectively

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Number of participants who received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits during pregnancy.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants Who Received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Benefits	2892 Participants	1408 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; South Carolina Department of Social Services data

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Total months receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Months Receiving SNAP or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Benefits	10.4 number of months Standard Deviation 9.4	9.8 number of months Standard Deviation 9.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Within 24 months after index birth; South Carolina Department of Social Services data

Population: Differs from randomized sample as it excludes participants with an index fetal death, who withdrew, who experienced a pregnancy loss, and who could not be matched to an index pregnancy.

Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families at any time during a given year and having experienced at least one break in participation of four months or less that started and/or ended during the year

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership Nurse-Family Partnership n=3295 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1637 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.
Number of Participants With SNAP or TANF Benefit Churn	382 Participants	174 Participants

Adverse Events

Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 5 deaths

Control

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 2 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Margaret McConnell

Harvard University

Phone: 6174321232

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place

Measure	Treatment - Participation in Nurse Family Partnership n=3319 Participants NFP is a prenatal and infancy home visiting program for low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Registered nurses begin visiting their clients as early in the pregnancy as possible, helping the mother-to-be make informed choices. The nurses continue visiting regularly until the child is two years old.	Control n=1647 Participants Control group members have access to the standard of care and whatever other programs and services are available in the community.	Total n=4966 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race and Ethnicity · Non-Hispanic Black	1713 Participants n=3118 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	852 Participants n=1530 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	2565 Participants n=4648 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race and Ethnicity · Non-Hispanic White	1091 Participants n=3118 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	526 Participants n=1530 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1617 Participants n=4648 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Age, Customized Age in years · 15-18 years	605 Participants n=3319 Participants	290 Participants n=1647 Participants	895 Participants n=4966 Participants
Age, Customized Age in years · 19-24	1814 Participants n=3319 Participants	905 Participants n=1647 Participants	2719 Participants n=4966 Participants
Age, Customized Age in years · 25-34	806 Participants n=3319 Participants	418 Participants n=1647 Participants	1224 Participants n=4966 Participants
Age, Customized Age in years · 35+	94 Participants n=3319 Participants	34 Participants n=1647 Participants	128 Participants n=4966 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	3319 Participants n=3319 Participants	1647 Participants n=1647 Participants	4966 Participants n=4966 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants n=3319 Participants	0 Participants n=1647 Participants	0 Participants n=4966 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race and Ethnicity · Asian, Indigenous, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic	44 Participants n=3118 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	12 Participants n=1530 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	56 Participants n=4648 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race and Ethnicity · Hispanic	173 Participants n=3118 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	95 Participants n=1530 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	268 Participants n=4648 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race and Ethnicity · More than once race reported, non-Hispanic	97 Participants n=3118 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	45 Participants n=1530 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	142 Participants n=4648 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Region of Enrollment United States	3319 participants n=3319 Participants	1647 participants n=1647 Participants	4966 participants n=4966 Participants
Highest education level Less than high school diploma	750 Participants n=3305 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	358 Participants n=1641 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1108 Participants n=4946 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Highest education level High school diploma or equivalent	1187 Participants n=3305 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	561 Participants n=1641 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1748 Participants n=4946 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Highest education level Some college, less than bachelor's degree	1121 Participants n=3305 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	592 Participants n=1641 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1713 Participants n=4946 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Highest education level Bachelor's degree or higher	247 Participants n=3305 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	130 Participants n=1641 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	377 Participants n=4946 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Economic conditions at time of enrollment Received at least one social service program	2133 Participants n=3255 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1076 Participants n=1610 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	3209 Participants n=4865 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Economic conditions at time of enrollment Worked for pay	1753 Participants n=3318 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	867 Participants n=1646 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	2620 Participants n=4964 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Economic conditions at time of enrollment Lived with parents	1439 Participants n=3317 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	729 Participants n=1645 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	2168 Participants n=4962 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Economic conditions at time of enrollment Experienced housing insecurity	549 Participants n=3314 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	287 Participants n=1643 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	836 Participants n=4957 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Received mental health treatment in last year	458 Participants n=3316 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	221 Participants n=221 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	679 Participants n=3537 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
High stress	2161 Participants n=3274 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	1073 Participants n=1625 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	3234 Participants n=4899 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.
Depressive symptoms	635 Participants n=3294 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	305 Participants n=1641 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.	940 Participants n=4935 Participants • Row population differs due to missing/non-reported values.