Carbon Monoxide and Oxidative Stress in Waterpipe Smokers

NCT ID: NCT02937415

Last Updated: 2016-10-18

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 100 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2012-07-31
• Study Completion Date: 2013-01-31

Brief Summary

Waterpipe is a tool for smoking tobacco, which is thought to be less harmful than cigarette. Unfortunately, there aren't adequate studies about its harms to health that are threatening the young generation all over the world today. The objective of this study was to show the carbon monoxide (CO) levels in waterpipe smokers' breaths, whether can be used or not to reflect the changes of oxidative stress for this reason to predict harmful effects on the pulmonary functions.

Detailed Description

Waterpipe or hookah uses a different kind of tobacco, which is available in most Balkan countries, Middle East and South Asia. Popularity of smoking waterpipe among European, Canadian, and American young people has shown a dramatic rise over the past decade. The growing popularity of waterpipe use among U.S. teens and adults is evidenced by media reports and the recent rapid proliferation of waterpipe establishments (bars, cafes, or restaurants) in large cities and near college campuses. Typical waterpipes have the following components; a bowl where the tobacco is placed and heated, usually with burning embers or charcoal, a vase or smoke chamber which is partially filled with water, a pipe or stem connecting the bowl to the vase by a tube that carries the smoke down into the water, and a hose with a mouthpiece through which the smoke is drawn from the vase. As the smoker inhales, the tobacco smoke is sucked down from the bowl and then bubbles up through the water into the air of the smoke chamber and then through the hose to the smoker. At the end of a smoking session, the dirty water is thrown away and the waterpipe vase is refilled for the next user. Although each smoking session generally lasts about 45 to 60 minutes, it can also continue for several hours.

There is a misconception about smoking waterpipe that it is less harmful than cigarettes, and that's why smoking waterpipe is dramatically increasing especially among young people. While the adverse effects of smoking cigarette are widely described, there are just a few investigations about waterpipe and its effects. This study was designed to investigate the effects of smoking waterpipe on pulmonary functions and oxidative stress parameters.

Conditions

Waterpipe Smoking; Oxidative Stress

Study Design

• Allocation Method: NON_RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: DIAGNOSTIC
• Blinding Strategy: NONE

Study Groups

Waterpipe smokers group

Three waterpipe cafes located in Ankara were visited. 50 waterpipe smokers aged 18-40 years, enrolled in the study and created the working group. At the same time, there were also cigarette smokers among these people. Breath carbon monoxide, pulmonary function tests were performed both before and after smoking waterpipe and parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were measured in blood samples after smoking waterpipe.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Breath carbon monoxide

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Breath carbon monoxide measurement.

Pulmonary function tests.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Measurement of lung functions by blowing through a tube which measures flow and volumes of participant's lungs.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant status.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Measurement of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in blood samples.

Control group

The control group consisted of 50 people of the same age and sex, who had never smoked neither cigarette nor waterpipe. Breath carbon monoxide, pulmonary function tests were performed and parameters of oxidative stress were measured in blood samples.

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Breath carbon monoxide

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Breath carbon monoxide measurement.

Pulmonary function tests.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Measurement of lung functions by blowing through a tube which measures flow and volumes of participant's lungs.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant status.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Measurement of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in blood samples.

Interventions

Breath carbon monoxide

Breath carbon monoxide measurement.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Pulmonary function tests.

Measurement of lung functions by blowing through a tube which measures flow and volumes of participant's lungs.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Oxidative stress and antioxidant status.

Measurement of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in blood samples.

Intervention Type: PROCEDURE

Other Intervention Names

Spirometry

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Participants who haven't determined major health problems,
• between ages 18-40.

Exclusion Criteria

• Participants who under age 18 and above 40,
• pregnant women,
• individuals who have major health problems

• Minimum Eligible Age: 18 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 40 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

Ataturk Training and Research Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Mukremin Er

Mukremin Er, MD.

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Ozcan Erel, Prof. M.D.

Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR

Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Medical School, Director of Biochemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey

References

Mokdad AH, Warren CW. As if cigarettes were not enough, here comes narghile. A commentary on an article by Yunis et al. in IJPH 52/4. Int J Public Health. 2007;52(5):263-4. doi: 10.1007/s00038-007-0221-6. No abstract available.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 18030938 (View on PubMed)

Maziak W. The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addict Behav. 2011 Jan-Feb;36(1-2):1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.030. Epub 2010 Oct 8.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 20888700 (View on PubMed)

Maziak W, Ward KD, Afifi Soweid RA, Eissenberg T. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control. 2004 Dec;13(4):327-33. doi: 10.1136/tc.2004.008169.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 15564614 (View on PubMed)

Dugas E, Tremblay M, Low NC, Cournoyer D, O'Loughlin J. Water-pipe smoking among North American youths. Pediatrics. 2010 Jun;125(6):1184-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2335. Epub 2010 May 10.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 20457679 (View on PubMed)

Shafagoj YA, Mohammed FI. Levels of maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular parameters following hubble-bubble smoking. Saudi Med J. 2002 Aug;23(8):953-8.

Reference Type: RESULT

PMID: 12235470 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

AtaturkTRH

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id