Trial Outcomes & Findings for Affective Responses in Mountain Hiking (NCT NCT02853760)
NCT ID: NCT02853760
Last Updated: 2022-05-18
Results Overview
Mood Survey Scale, min: 5, max: 25 higher score: better outcome All Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
47 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
baseline and 3 hours
Results posted on
2022-05-18
Participant Flow
As the project was a randomized crossover study, all participants were exposed to all three conditions.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Sequence Group MTC
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was M, followed by T, followed by C.
|
Sequence Group MCT
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was M, followed by C followed by T.
|
Sequence Group TMC
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was T, followed by M, followed by C.
|
Sequence Group TCM
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was T, followed by C, followed by M.
|
Sequence Group CTM
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was C, followed by T, followed by M.
|
Sequence Group CMT
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was C, followed by M, followed by T.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
First Intervention (3 Hours)
STARTED
|
7
|
10
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
7
|
|
First Intervention (3 Hours)
COMPLETED
|
7
|
10
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
7
|
|
First Intervention (3 Hours)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Washout (1 Week)
STARTED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Washout (1 Week)
COMPLETED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Washout (1 Week)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Second Intervention (3 Hours)
STARTED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Second Intervention (3 Hours)
COMPLETED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Second Intervention (3 Hours)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Third Intervention (3 Hours)
STARTED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Third Intervention (3 Hours)
COMPLETED
|
7
|
10
|
6
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
|
Third Intervention (3 Hours)
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
| Measure |
Sequence Group MTC
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was M, followed by T, followed by C.
|
Sequence Group MCT
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was M, followed by C followed by T.
|
Sequence Group TMC
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was T, followed by M, followed by C.
|
Sequence Group TCM
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was T, followed by C, followed by M.
|
Sequence Group CTM
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was C, followed by T, followed by M.
|
Sequence Group CMT
All participants were exposed to three different conditions in a randomized starting order: outdoor mountain hiking (M), indoor treadmill walking (T), and sedentary control situation (C) (approximately three hours each).
The order of conditions of the present group was C, followed by M, followed by T.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Washout (1 Week)
acute illness (not connected with the study)
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Baseline Characteristics
Affective Responses in Mountain Hiking
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
All Study Participants
n=42 Participants
|
|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
32 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 • n=93 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
20 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
22 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
Austria
|
42 Participants
n=93 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hoursMood Survey Scale, min: 5, max: 25 higher score: better outcome All Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=42 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=42 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Subscales of Mood Survey Scale at 3 Hours
|
0.54 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.73
|
-1.27 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.79
|
-2.22 score on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.84
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hours after baselineFeeling Scale, min: -5, max: +5 higher score: better outcome All Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=42 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=42 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Feeling Scale at 3 Hours
|
1.37 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.66
|
0.36 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.07
|
-0.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.77
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hours after baselineFelt Arousal Scale, min: 0, max: 6 higher score: better outcome All Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=42 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=42 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Felt Arousal Scale at 3 Hours
|
0.15 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.45
|
-0.19 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.50
|
-0.57 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hoursAll Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=41 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=42 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Blood Pressure at 3 Hours
|
-6.08 mmHg
Standard Deviation 10.16
|
-4.53 mmHg
Standard Deviation 8.32
|
-1.83 mmHg
Standard Deviation 9.81
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hoursAll Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=41 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=41 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Heart Rate Variability at 3 Hours
|
10.16 ms
Standard Deviation 46.43
|
5.75 ms
Standard Deviation 31.14
|
15.06 ms
Standard Deviation 21.45
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: baseline and 3 hoursAll Outcome Measures are reported "per intervention", i.e., the data in Arms/Groups reflect the participants of the particular intervention.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
n=42 Participants
First part of the intervention: an uphill walking phase on single trails and forest roads in a sparse forest with view on the mountainous region around Innsbruck for 6 km in around 1.5 hours together with the test leader. Regarding the walking intensity, the participants were instructed to choose a "brisk without overspending" pace (average speed: 4 km/h).
In the second part of the intervention, the participants were walking downhill on the same track for around 70 minutes back to the starting point to respond to the post-test (average speed: 5.2 km/h).
walking
|
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
n=42 Participants
To ensure that all physical parameters were simultaneous to the outdoor mountain hiking condition, the distance, the difference in height, the average inclination of the track, and the time needed for the outdoor mountain hiking situation were measured in a pilot study.
First part: uphill walking, inclination: 10%, time: 1.5 hours, and speed: 4 km/h (resulting in 600 m difference in height). In accordance to possible differences in outdoor speed, the participants were allowed to change the treadmill's speed in a small range (3.8 to 4.2 km/h) to adapt to the wording "brisk without overspending". Second part of the intervention contained 70 minutes of level walking on the same treadmills (5.2 km/h, 6km).
walking
Treadmill
|
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
n=42 Participants
The sedentary control situation was located in a quiet room at the university with access to computers. The participants were allowed to use the computers, to read, and to talk, but had to remain in a sedentary position. To control for possible differences in affective response due to the daytime, the sedentary control condition contained the same timing of the measurements than the intervention condition. Sociodemographic data were collected for 5 to 10 minutes in this condition using a web-based questionnaire.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Change From Baseline Cortisol at 3 Hours (Saliva Sampling)
|
-2.98 nmol/l
Standard Deviation 3.49
|
-3.12 nmol/l
Standard Deviation 3.41
|
-2.00 nmol/l
Standard Deviation 2.85
|
Adverse Events
Outdoor Mountain Hiking (M)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Indoor Treadmill Walking (T)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Sedentary Control Condition (C)
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place