Same-day ART Initiation Versus Standard of Care After Positive HIV-test Result in Rural Lesotho
NCT ID: NCT02692027
Last Updated: 2019-02-19
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
PHASE3
276 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2016-02-29
2018-12-31
Brief Summary
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Participants in the control arm follow the standard of care after a community-based HIV test result: They are referred to the nearest clinic where they will receive baseline laboratory testing and adherence counseling. After at least 2 clinic visits for adherence counseling they can start anti-retroviral therapy (ART). After ART-initiation they have to attend monthly follow-up at the clinic for drug refill. Individuals randomized to the intervention arm are proposed same day community-based ART initiation combined with less frequent follow-up visits. The primary outcomes are linkage to care at 3 months and viral suppression at 12 months after having tested HIV-positive during the community-based HIV testing and counseling campaigns.
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Detailed Description
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http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2972-6
Background
In November 2014 the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) published the 90-90-90 targets for 2020 (UNAIDS 2014). The strategy aims at a massive scale-up in coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among individuals infected with HIV. Based on accumulated evidence that viral suppression through successful ART reduces the risk of transmission(Cohen 2011), it is expected that - if achieved - the 90-90-90 targets would lead to a reduction of the yearly global HIV-incidence from 2 million currently to 500'000 by 2020 (Jones 2014). In 2015 two randomized controlled trials showed the benefit of starting ART as early as possible for infected individuals - even if CD4-cell counts were above the threshold of 500 cells/mL (TEMPRANO 2015; INSIGHT START 2015), leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to recommend that anyone infected with HIV should start ART as soon as possible after diagnosis (WHO 2015). A "seek-test-treat" strategy bears, however, unprecedented challenges in settings where HIV is hyperendemic and resources may be limited (Hull 2014; Delva 2015).
The Continuum of Care Cascade ("the cascade") involves the steps HIV-infected individuals have to take in order to achieve viral suppression. It starts with knowing one's HIV status, continues with linkage to care after a positive HIV test, initiation of ART, uninterrupted continuation of ART (retention in care and adherence to medication), and ends with viral suppression (MacCarthy 2015). Already prior to announcement of the "seek-test-and-treat" approach, weaknesses in the cascade often hampered the effectiveness of HIV programs in resource-rich as well as resource-poor settings (Yehia 2015; Kratzer 2012). In Sub-Saharan Africa the care cascade is still far from the 90-90-90 targets with only 29% of infected individuals estimated to be on ART and virally suppressed in 2013. In order to achieve the UNAIDS targets innovative, effective, and practical approaches for improving the care cascade are thus urgently needed (Mills 2013; Piot 2015).
Linkage to care after an initial positive HIV test has been described as the "Achilles' heel" of the care cascade (Nachega 2014). Most studies from Sub-Saharan Africa report linkage rates lower than 50% (Naik 2015; Parker 2015; Clouse 2013; Gerdts 2014). In a cluster-randomized trial comparing home-based with mobile-clinic HIV testing and counselling (HTC) in Lesotho, only 25% of newly tested HIV-positive individuals accessed care within one month after the test (Labhardt 2014).
Several interventions have been shown to improve linkage to care, such as point-of-care CD4 count directly after a positive HIV test, immediate start of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, incentives such as food-assistance, extended post-test counselling during home-visits, or community-workers accompaniment. However, controlled studies testing programmatic intervention packages for improving linkage to care are still largely lacking (Okeke 2014; Govindasamy 2014). Furthermore, it must be noted that interventions, such as patient-accompaniment or food support are resource intensive and may work in small NGO-driven projects, but are not sustainable on a larger scale (Posse 2013). In a systematic review addressing barriers for linkage to care, transport cost and distance were the most frequently cited factors for patients not enrolling in care after a positive HIV test (Govindasamy 2012).
Objective of the trial
This CASCADE trial tests the effectiveness of same day home-based ART initiation after a positive HIV test in combination with a reduction of the frequency of follow-up visits to the clinic as a pragmatic and programmatically feasible approach to improve linkage to care, retention in care, and viral suppression.
It is a two-armed open-label randomized controlled trial. Allocation is 1:1 with parallel assignment. The intervention is targeted to individuals who tested HIV-positive during community-based HTC.
Recruitment and participants
Participants will be recruited during community-based HTC campaigns in the district of Butha-Buthe, in northern Lesotho. Home-based HTC campaigns will be conducted for an anticipated period of 3 months beginning at the end of February in the catchment areas of six health care facilities - four nurse-led health centers, one missionary and one public hospital.
Three teams consisting of 4 lay counsellors, each supervised by one professional counsellor and a nurse visit all households in randomly pre-selected areas proposing HTC to all household members. If a household member tests HIV positive during the HTC campaign and eligible for the CASCADE trial, he/she will be randomized to one of the two arms.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
NONE
Study Groups
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Standard of care
Standard of care in Lesotho. ART-initiation after at least two clinic visits for pre-ART counseling and monthly follow-up visits at the clinic thereafter.
Standard of care
Individuals found HIV-positive during the community-based HIV testing campaigns and randomized to the control arm receive post-test counselling and a referral letter with an appointment at their chosen health facility. On the first visit to the clinic, the participant receives laboratory assessment and a first adherence counselling session. The participant must then return to the clinic to receive his/her laboratory results and to undergo a second adherence counselling session.
Once the participant has started ART, the first and second follow-up visits are scheduled for 14 and 28 days after ART initiation, respectively. Thereafter, follow-up visits are scheduled monthly until 6 months after ART initiation. If the participant is clinically stable, clinical follow-up visits may then be spaced to 3-monthly intervals, but refills of ART must still be collected on a monthly basis.
Same-day ART initiation with less frequent follow-up visits
Proposition of same-day ART initiation with less frequent follow-up visits thereafter.
Same-day ART initiation
Participants tested HIV-positive during community-based HIV testing and randomized to the intervention group receive post-test counseling and on-the-spot clinical and laboratory assessment. Directly after the positive HIV-test result the study nurse assesses the participant clinically and performs point-of-care laboratory baseline testing. Thereafter, the participant receives a standardized short adherence counselling. After adherence counseling the participant is offered to start ART immediately. Those who decide to start ART during the visit or intend to start within seven days will receive a 30 day ART-supply and an follow-up appointment at the clinic within 12 to 16 days.
In order to reduce travel time and transport cost, participants who are clinically stable, will have their follow-up visits and ART refills more widely spaced with appointments at 6 weeks, 3, 6, (9) and 12 months after ART initiation.
Interventions
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Same-day ART initiation
Participants tested HIV-positive during community-based HIV testing and randomized to the intervention group receive post-test counseling and on-the-spot clinical and laboratory assessment. Directly after the positive HIV-test result the study nurse assesses the participant clinically and performs point-of-care laboratory baseline testing. Thereafter, the participant receives a standardized short adherence counselling. After adherence counseling the participant is offered to start ART immediately. Those who decide to start ART during the visit or intend to start within seven days will receive a 30 day ART-supply and an follow-up appointment at the clinic within 12 to 16 days.
In order to reduce travel time and transport cost, participants who are clinically stable, will have their follow-up visits and ART refills more widely spaced with appointments at 6 weeks, 3, 6, (9) and 12 months after ART initiation.
Standard of care
Individuals found HIV-positive during the community-based HIV testing campaigns and randomized to the control arm receive post-test counselling and a referral letter with an appointment at their chosen health facility. On the first visit to the clinic, the participant receives laboratory assessment and a first adherence counselling session. The participant must then return to the clinic to receive his/her laboratory results and to undergo a second adherence counselling session.
Once the participant has started ART, the first and second follow-up visits are scheduled for 14 and 28 days after ART initiation, respectively. Thereafter, follow-up visits are scheduled monthly until 6 months after ART initiation. If the participant is clinically stable, clinical follow-up visits may then be spaced to 3-monthly intervals, but refills of ART must still be collected on a monthly basis.
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Never been on triple-ART
* Lives and/or works in the district of Butha-Buthe and declares to seek follow-up at one of the 6 health facilities involved in the study
* Signed written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria
* Already enrolled in chronic care for another disease, such as tuberculosis or diabetes
* Clinical WHO-stage 4 or active tuberculosis
* Positive cryptococcal antigen test
18 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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SolidarMed - Swiss Organization for Health in Africa
UNKNOWN
Ministry of Health, Lesotho
OTHER_GOV
District Health Management Team of Butha-Buthe, Lesotho
OTHER
University of Basel
OTHER
University of Geneva, Switzerland
OTHER
Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Niklaus Labhardt
MD, MIH
Principal Investigators
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Niklaus D Labhardt, MD, MIH
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute
Tracy R Glass, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute
Locations
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Butha-Buthe District Hospital
Butha-Buthe, , Lesotho
Countries
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References
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90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS / JC2684 (accessed October 30th 2014 at www.unaids.org) 2014.
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Gerdts SE, Wagenaar BH, Micek MA, Farquhar C, Kariaganis M, Amos J, Gimbel S, Pfeiffer J, Gloyd S, Sherr K. Linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy by HIV testing service type in Central Mozambique: a retrospective cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Jun 1;66(2):e37-44. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000081.
Labhardt ND, Motlomelo M, Cerutti B, Pfeiffer K, Kamele M, Hobbins MA, Ehmer J. Home-based versus mobile clinic HIV testing and counseling in rural Lesotho: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2014 Dec 16;11(12):e1001768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001768. eCollection 2014 Dec.
Okeke NL, Ostermann J, Thielman NM. Enhancing linkage and retention in HIV care: a review of interventions for highly resourced and resource-poor settings. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014 Dec;11(4):376-92. doi: 10.1007/s11904-014-0233-9.
Govindasamy D, Meghij J, Kebede Negussi E, Clare Baggaley R, Ford N, Kranzer K. Interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in pre-ART (HIV) care and initiation of ART in low- and middle-income settings--a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014 Aug 1;17(1):19032. doi: 10.7448/IAS.17.1.19032. eCollection 2014.
Posse M, Baltussen R. Costs of providing food assistance to HIV/AIDS patients in Sofala province, Mozambique: a retrospective analysis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2013 Aug 28;11(1):20. doi: 10.1186/1478-7547-11-20.
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Amstutz A, Brown JA, Ringera I, Muhairwe J, Lejone TI, Klimkait T, Glass TR, Labhardt ND. Engagement in Care, Viral Suppression, Drug Resistance, and Reasons for Nonengagement After Home-Based Same-Day Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Lesotho: A Two-Year Follow-up of the CASCADE Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 17;71(10):2608-2614. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1126.
Labhardt ND, Ringera I, Lejone TI, Amstutz A, Klimkait T, Muhairwe J, Glass TR. Effect and cost of two successive home visits to increase HIV testing coverage: a prospective study in Lesotho, Southern Africa. BMC Public Health. 2019 Nov 1;19(1):1441. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7784-z.
Labhardt ND, Ringera I, Lejone TI, Klimkait T, Muhairwe J, Amstutz A, Glass TR. Effect of Offering Same-Day ART vs Usual Health Facility Referral During Home-Based HIV Testing on Linkage to Care and Viral Suppression Among Adults With HIV in Lesotho: The CASCADE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Mar 20;319(11):1103-1112. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.1818.
Labhardt ND, Ringera I, Lejone TI, Masethothi P, Thaanyane T, Kamele M, Gupta RS, Thin K, Cerutti B, Klimkait T, Fritz C, Glass TR. Same day ART initiation versus clinic-based pre-ART assessment and counselling for individuals newly tested HIV-positive during community-based HIV testing in rural Lesotho - a randomized controlled trial (CASCADE trial). BMC Public Health. 2016 Apr 14;16:329. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2972-6.
Other Identifiers
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CASCADE
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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