Coaching Alternative Parenting Strategies (CAPS) Study

NCT ID: NCT02684903

Last Updated: 2023-11-02

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 408 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2016-02-29
• Study Completion Date: 2022-04-30

Brief Summary

This is a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) designed to test the effects of PCIT on self-regulation and behavior in child maltreating (CM) parents and their elementary-school children. Two hundred-fifty (250) maltreating mothers and their children (age 5-8 years) will be drawn from Child Protective Services and randomized to the PCIT intervention or a control condition (services as usual). Key contextual risk factors will be assessed, including cumulative risk, parent mental health, and parent substance use. A multirater, multimethod approach to assessment will include measures of self-regulation, parenting skills and children's behavior outcomes. Families will be followed to 1 year for CM recidivism. Findings from this proposed study are expected to have significant implications for optimizing CM parenting interventions by (a) determining the sensitivity of CM parent and child neurobehavioral self-regulation systems to intervention, and (b) identifying individual differences in self-regulation that mediate and moderate response to intervention and long-term maintenance of gains.

Detailed Description

Child maltreatment (CM) constitutes a serious public health problem in the United States and is known to compromise children's developing self-regulation skills and amplify risk for substance use and other regulatory disorders. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an intensive, 20-session parenting intervention, has been shown to improve the quality of CM parenting, improve positive parenting and child behavior, and produce declines in CM recidivism (Chaffin et al., 2004) though the mechanisms underlying its effects are little understood. This project addresses gaps in the CM intervention literature in that it (a) uses an experimental intervention design to test a theoretical model of change underlying PCIT's effects, (b) includes a battery of neurobehavioral measures of self-regulation, and (c) uses observational measures of parenting in an RCT of an evidence-based intervention for strengthening parent self-regulation, reducing CM, and supporting improvements in child regulation and behavior. Study aims are to:

Aim 1: Test the main effects of PCIT on CM-specific outcomes, including reductions in harsh, aversive parenting and CM recidivism and promotion of children's behavioral adjustment. It is hypothesized that intervention families will show significantly greater behavior improvements (i.e., decreased negative parenting, increased positive parenting, and decreased child internalizing/externalizing problems) at posttest and lower CM recidivism at 6-month follow-up, compared to families receiving services as usual (SAU).

Specific Aim 2: Determine the impact of PCIT on indices of CM parents' self-regulation. First, the investigators will test the hypothesis that PCIT exerts direct effects on improving CM parents' capacities for self-regulation in the context of parenting. Second, the investigators will investigate how measures of self-regulation in parents mediate PCIT intervention effects on reductions in CM and improvements in parenting. Third, the investigators will explore whether parents' preintervention self-regulation levels moderate intervention effects on outcomes. The moderating roles of CM subtype (i.e., physical abuse vs. neglect), severity, and other key sociocontextual factors on the outcomes of interest also will be considered.

Specific Aim 3: Investigate the impact of PCIT on neurobehavioral indices of CM children's self-regulation. CM exerts detrimental effects on children's developing capacities to regulate attention, emotion, physiology, and behavior. Deficits in these domains confer heightened risk for psychopathology, early-onset conduct problems, and later substance abuse. The investigators hypothesize that PCIT, though directed primarily toward parenting, will effect improvements in neurobiological indicators of CM children's self-regulation at post-treatment, relative to the control group. Next, the investigators will test the extent to which child outcomes are mediated through intervention effects on parenting. It is hypothesized that child regulatory deficits and behavior problems will be attenuated by PCIT-based reductions in aversive parenting that result from the intervention.

Conditions

Child Abuse; Self-control; Parenting

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: SINGLE

Study Groups

Services As Usual (SAU)

Participants receive all the usual services provided by Department of Human Services (DHS) Children's Services.

Group Type: NO_INTERVENTION

No interventions assigned to this group

Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

Participants receive Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). PCIT is designed to improve child functioning by interrupting patterns of harsh, coercive interaction and enhancing parents' warm, positive parenting, autonomy support, and competent child management skills.

.

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

Parent Child Interaction Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

PCIT is a 16-20 session live-coaching parenting intervention. PCIT for Child Welfare families is delivered in two sequential treatment phases following a motivational enhancement training: Phase 1, Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) to enhance positive parenting and interrupt harsh aversive parenting, and Phase 2, Parent-Directed Interaction (PDI) to coach effective parent commands and a consistent time-out protocol when child disobeys.

Interventions

Parent Child Interaction Therapy

PCIT is a 16-20 session live-coaching parenting intervention. PCIT for Child Welfare families is delivered in two sequential treatment phases following a motivational enhancement training: Phase 1, Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) to enhance positive parenting and interrupt harsh aversive parenting, and Phase 2, Parent-Directed Interaction (PDI) to coach effective parent commands and a consistent time-out protocol when child disobeys.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

PCIT

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Resident of Lane County
• Parent is 18 or older
• Biological or custodial mother of a child between age 3 and 7 years at baseline
• Resides in the same home setting with the child
• Must be fluent in English
• Mom and child must be physically able to complete the assessment
• Family has an open case with Lane County Dept. Health Services.

Exclusion Criteria

• Child sexual abuse in the family

• Minimum Eligible Age: 3 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

University of Oregon

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Elizabeth Skowron

Professor, Department of Psychology

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Elizabeth A Skowron, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Oregon

Locations

University of Oregon

Eugene, Oregon, United States

Countries

United States

References

Roth RM, Isquith PK, Gioia GA. BRIEF-A: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA, Evans DE. Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Jan;78(1):122-35. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.122.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 10653510 (View on PubMed)

Sameroff AJ, Lewis M, Miller SM. Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 2000.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Sarason IG, Johnson JH, Siegel JM. Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1978 Oct;46(5):932-46. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.46.5.932. No abstract available.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 701572 (View on PubMed)

Scaramella LV, Neppl TK, Ontai LL, Conger RD. Consequences of socioeconomic disadvantage across three generations: parenting behavior and child externalizing problems. J Fam Psychol. 2008 Oct;22(5):725-33. doi: 10.1037/a0013190.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18855508 (View on PubMed)

Schafer JL, Graham JW. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods. 2002 Jun;7(2):147-77.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12090408 (View on PubMed)

Shackman JE, Shackman AJ, Pollak SD. Physical abuse amplifies attention to threat and increases anxiety in children. Emotion. 2007 Nov;7(4):838-52. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.838.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18039053 (View on PubMed)

Shonkoff JP, Fisher PA. Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Dev Psychopathol. 2013 Nov;25(4 Pt 2):1635-53. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000813.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24342860 (View on PubMed)

Skowron EA, Cipriano-Essel E, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Teti DM, Ammerman RT. Early adversity, RSA, and inhibitory control: evidence of children's neurobiological sensitivity to social context. Dev Psychobiol. 2014 Jul;56(5):964-78. doi: 10.1002/dev.21175. Epub 2013 Oct 19.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24142832 (View on PubMed)

Skowron EA, Khurana A, Gatzke-Kopp L. (under review). Latent classes of dyadic rupture-repair processes predict children's RSA and inhibitory control.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Skowron EA, Loken E, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Cipriano-Essel EA, Woehrle PL, Van Epps JJ, Gowda A, Ammerman RT. Mapping cardiac physiology and parenting processes in maltreating mother-child dyads. J Fam Psychol. 2011 Oct;25(5):663-74. doi: 10.1037/a0024528.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21842991 (View on PubMed)

Smith TW, Cribbet MR, Nealey-Moore JB, Uchino BN, Williams PG, Mackenzie J, Thayer JF. Matters of the variable heart: respiratory sinus arrhythmia response to marital interaction and associations with marital quality. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Jan;100(1):103-19. doi: 10.1037/a0021136.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20954783 (View on PubMed)

Spanier GB. Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family 47: 15-28, 1976.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB. The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues 17: 283-316, 1996.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18: 643-662, 1935.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Suchman NE, Pajulo M, Mayes LC. (Eds.). Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Tang YY, Ma Y, Wang J, Fan Y, Feng S, Lu Q, Yu Q, Sui D, Rothbart MK, Fan M, Posner MI. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17152-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707678104. Epub 2007 Oct 11.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17940025 (View on PubMed)

Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm Behav. 2006 Nov;50(4):632-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010. Epub 2006 Jul 28.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16876168 (View on PubMed)

Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2000 Dec;61(3):201-16. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00338-4.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11163422 (View on PubMed)

Trickett PK. Maladaptive development of school-aged, physically abused children: Relationships with the child-rearing context. Journal of Family Psychology 7: 134-147, 1993.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Trocmé N. Development and preliminary evaluation of the Ontario Child Neglect Index. Child Maltreatment 1: 145-155, 1996.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. Child Maltreatment 2011, 2012.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Urquiza AJ, McNeil CB. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An intensive dyadic intervention for physically abusive families. Child Maltreatment 1: 134-144, 1996.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

van Noordt SJ, Segalowitz SJ. Performance monitoring and the medial prefrontal cortex: a review of individual differences and context effects as a window on self-regulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Jul 11;6:197. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00197. eCollection 2012.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22798949 (View on PubMed)

Vanderwert RE, Marshall PJ, Nelson CA 3rd, Zeanah CH, Fox NA. Timing of intervention affects brain electrical activity in children exposed to severe psychosocial neglect. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 1;5(7):e11415. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011415.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20617175 (View on PubMed)

Walker S, O'Connor DB, Schaefer A. Brain potentials to emotional pictures are modulated by alexithymia during emotion regulation. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2011 Dec;11(4):463-75. doi: 10.3758/s13415-011-0042-1.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21614450 (View on PubMed)

West RL, Hastings EC. Self-regulation and recall: growth curve modeling of intervention outcomes for older adults. Psychol Aging. 2011 Dec;26(4):803-12. doi: 10.1037/a0023784. Epub 2011 May 23.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21604891 (View on PubMed)

Wilson SR, Rack JJ, Shi X, Norris AM. Comparing physically abusive, neglectful, and non-maltreating parents during interactions with their children: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Child Abuse Negl. 2008 Sep;32(9):897-911. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.01.003. Epub 2008 Oct 23.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18950859 (View on PubMed)

Woltering S, Granic I, Lamm C, Lewis MD. Neural changes associated with treatment outcome in children with externalizing problems. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Nov 1;70(9):873-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.029. Epub 2011 Jul 8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21741030 (View on PubMed)

Yu F, Yuan J, Luo YJ. Auditory-induced emotion modulates processes of response inhibition: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport. 2009 Jan 7;20(1):25-30. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32831ac9b1.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18978645 (View on PubMed)

Zhou Q, Chen SH, Main A. Commonalities and differences in the research on children's effortful control and executive function: A call for an integrated model of self-regulation. Child Development Perspectives 6: 112-121, 2012.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Skowron EA, Cipriano-Essel E, Benjamin LS, Pincus AL, Van Ryzin MJ. Cardiac Vagal Tone and Quality of Parenting Show Concurrent and Time-Ordered Associations That Diverge in Abusive, Neglectful, and Non-Maltreating Mothers. Couple Family Psychol. 2013 Jun 1;2(2):95-115. doi: 10.1037/cfp0000005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24729945 (View on PubMed)

Shonkoff JP, Garner AS; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):e232-46. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663. Epub 2011 Dec 26.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22201156 (View on PubMed)

Sinharay S, Stern HS, Russell D. The use of multiple imputation for the analysis of missing data. Psychol Methods. 2001 Dec;6(4):317-29.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11778675 (View on PubMed)

Skowron EA. Parent differentiation of self and child competence in low-income, urban families. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52: 337-342, 2005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Skowron EA, Reinemann DHS. Psychological interventions for child maltreatment: A metaanalysis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training 42: 52-71, 2005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Aber JL, Cicchetti D. The social-emotional development of maltreated children: An empirical and theoretical analysis. In H. Fitzgerald, B. Lester, & M. Yogman (Eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics (Vol. 2, pp. 147-205). New York, NY: Plenum, 1984.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Abidin RR. Parenting Stress Index (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1995.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, 2001.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychol. 2000 Nov;19(6):586-92. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.586.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11129362 (View on PubMed)

Alkon A, Goldstein LH, Smider N, Essex MJ, Kupfer DJ, Boyce WT. Developmental and contextual influences on autonomic reactivity in young children. Dev Psychobiol. 2003 Jan;42(1):64-78. doi: 10.1002/dev.10082.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12471637 (View on PubMed)

Anderson TW, Amemiya Y. The asymptotic normal distribution of estimators in factor analysis under general conditions. The Annals of Statistics 16(2): 759-771, 1988.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Aos S, Lee S, Drake E, Pennucci A, Klima T, Miller M, Anderson L, Mayfield J, Burley M. Return on investment: Evidence-based options to improve statewide outcomes (Document No. 11-07-1201). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2011.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Barnett D, Manly JT, Cicchetti D. Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Child abuse, child development, and social policy (pp. 7-73). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Bäumler G.Farb-Wort-Interferenztest (FWIT) nach J.R. Stroop. Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1985.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Beauchaine T. Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2001 Spring;13(2):183-214. doi: 10.1017/s0954579401002012.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11393643 (View on PubMed)

Beauchaine TP, Gatzke-Kopp L, Mead HK. Polyvagal Theory and developmental psychopathology: emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence. Biol Psychol. 2007 Feb;74(2):174-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.008. Epub 2006 Oct 12.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17045726 (View on PubMed)

Beauchaine TP, Neuhaus E, Brenner SL, Gatzke-Kopp L. Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer;20(3):745-74. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000369.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18606030 (View on PubMed)

Beckett LA, Tancredi DJ, Wilson RS. Multivariate longitudinal models for complex change processes. Stat Med. 2004 Jan 30;23(2):231-9. doi: 10.1002/sim.1712.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 14716725 (View on PubMed)

Belsky J. Etiology of child maltreatment: a developmental-ecological analysis. Psychol Bull. 1993 Nov;114(3):413-34. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 8272464 (View on PubMed)

Berger A. Neurocognitive and neuromotivational mechanisms of self-regulation. In A. Berger (Ed.), Self-regulation: Brain, cognition, and development. Human brain development series, (pp. 19-44). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Berkman ET, Kahn LE, Merchant JS. Training-induced changes in inhibitory control network activity. J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 1;34(1):149-57. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3564-13.2014.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24381276 (View on PubMed)

Berliner L, Elliott DM. Sexual abuse of children. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, C. Jenny, & T. A. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed., pp. 55-78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Berntson GG, Bigger JT Jr, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, Nagaraja HN, Porges SW, Saul JP, Stone PH, van der Molen MW. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology. 1997 Nov;34(6):623-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 9401419 (View on PubMed)

Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT, Quigley KS, Fabro VT. Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psychophysiology. 1994 Jan;31(1):44-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01024.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 8146254 (View on PubMed)

Bierman KL, Nix RL, Greenberg MT, Blair C, Domitrovich CE. Executive functions and school readiness intervention: impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program. Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer;20(3):821-43. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000394.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18606033 (View on PubMed)

Bollen KA, Curran PJ. Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Borrego J, Timmer SG, Urquiza AJ, Follette WC. Physically abusive mothers' responses following episodes of child noncompliance and compliance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004 Oct;72(5):897-903. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.897.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15482048 (View on PubMed)

Briere J, Johnson K, Bissada A, Damon L, Crouch J, Gil E, Hanson R, Ernst V. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC): reliability and association with abuse exposure in a multi-site study. Child Abuse Negl. 2001 Aug;25(8):1001-14. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00253-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11601594 (View on PubMed)

Browne MW. Robustness of statistical inference in factor analysis and related models. Biometrika 74(2): 375-384, 1987.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Bruce J, Fisher PA, Pears KC, Levine S. Morning cortisol Levels in preschool-aged foster children: differential effects of maltreatment type. Dev Psychobiol. 2009 Jan;51(1):14-23. doi: 10.1002/dev.20333.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18720365 (View on PubMed)

Bruce J, McDermott JM, Fisher PA, Fox NA. Using behavioral and electrophysiological measures to assess the effects of a preventive intervention: a preliminary study with preschool-aged foster children. Prev Sci. 2009 Jun;10(2):129-40. doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0115-8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19030992 (View on PubMed)

Bryck RL, Fisher PA. Training the brain: practical applications of neural plasticity from the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and prevention science. Am Psychol. 2012 Feb-Mar;67(2):87-100. doi: 10.1037/a0024657. Epub 2011 Jul 25.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21787037 (View on PubMed)

Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Bugental DB. Predicting & preventing child maltreatment: A biocognitive transactional approach. In A. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 97-115). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2009.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Bugental DB, Ellerson PC, Lin EK, Rainey B, Kokotovic A, O'Hara N. A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention. J Fam Psychol. 2002 Sep;16(3):243-58. doi: 10.1037//0893-3200.16.3.243.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12238408 (View on PubMed)

Bush NR, Alkon A, Obradovic J, Stamperdahl J, Boyce WT. Differentiating challenge reactivity from psychomotor activity in studies of children's psychophysiology: considerations for theory and measurement. J Exp Child Psychol. 2011 Sep;110(1):62-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.004. Epub 2011 Apr 27.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21524757 (View on PubMed)

Butler EA, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction. Psychophysiology. 2006 Nov;43(6):612-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17076818 (View on PubMed)

Cacioppo JT, Uchino BN, Berntson GG. Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period. Psychophysiology. 1994 Jul;31(4):412-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02449.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 10690921 (View on PubMed)

Capage LC, Bennett GM, McNeil, CB. A comparison between African American and Caucasian children referred for treatment of disruptive behavior disorders. Child and Family Behavior Therapy. 23: 1-14, 2001.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Carmichael-Olsen H, Greenberg MT, Slough N. Coding manual for the waiting task. Unpublished manual, University of Washington, Seattle, 1985.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Chaffin M, Funderburk B, Bard D, Valle LA, Gurwitch R. A combined motivation and parent-child interaction therapy package reduces child welfare recidivism in a randomized dismantling field trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Feb;79(1):84-95. doi: 10.1037/a0021227.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21171738 (View on PubMed)

Chaffin M, Silovsky JF, Funderburk B, Valle LA, Brestan EV, Balachova T, Jackson S, Lensgraf J, Bonner BL. Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004 Jun;72(3):500-510. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.500.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15279533 (View on PubMed)

Chaffin M, Valle LA, Funderburk B, Gurwitch R, Silovsky J, Bard D, McCoy C, Kees M. A motivational intervention can improve retention in PCIT for low-motivation child welfare clients. Child Maltreat. 2009 Nov;14(4):356-68. doi: 10.1177/1077559509332263. Epub 2009 Mar 2.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19258303 (View on PubMed)

Chang L, Schwartz D, Dodge KA, McBride-Chang C. Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. J Fam Psychol. 2003 Dec;17(4):598-606. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 14640808 (View on PubMed)

Chapman HA, Woltering S, Lamm C, Lewis MD. Hearts and minds: Coordination of neurocognitive and cardiovascular regulation in children and adolescents. Biol Psychol. 2010 May;84(2):296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.001. Epub 2010 Mar 17.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20223274 (View on PubMed)

Cicchetti D, Rizley R. Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment. New Directions for Child Development 11: 31-55, 1981.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Cicchetti D, Toth SL. Child maltreatment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:409-38. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17716094 (View on PubMed)

Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Gunnar MR, Toth SL. The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children. Child Dev. 2010 Jan-Feb;81(1):252-69. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01393.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20331666 (View on PubMed)

Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Toth SL, Sturge-Apple ML. Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions. Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Aug;23(3):789-800. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000307.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21756432 (View on PubMed)

Cipriano EA, Skowron EA, Gatzke-Kopp LM. Preschool children's cardiac reactivity moderates relations between exposure to family violence and emotional adjustment. Child Maltreat. 2011 Aug;16(3):205-15. doi: 10.1177/1077559511408887. Epub 2011 May 17.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21593016 (View on PubMed)

Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG). (1994). Financial Stress Questionnaire. Available from the Fast Track Project Web site, http://fasttrackproject.org

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Cowan PA, Cowan CP. Interventions as tests of family systems theories: marital and family relationships in children's development and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2002 Fall;14(4):731-59. doi: 10.1017/s0954579402004054.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12549702 (View on PubMed)

Creaven AM, Skowron EA, Hughes BM, Howard S, Loken E. Dyadic concordance in mother and preschooler resting cardiovascular function varies by risk status. Dev Psychobiol. 2014 Jan;56(1):142-52. doi: 10.1002/dev.21098. Epub 2013 Sep 11.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24022469 (View on PubMed)

Curtis WJ, Cicchetti D. Affective facial expression processing in young children who have experienced maltreatment during the first year of life: an event-related potential study. Dev Psychopathol. 2011 May;23(2):373-95. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000125.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23786684 (View on PubMed)

Dahl RE. Adolescent brain development: a period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1021:1-22. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.001.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15251869 (View on PubMed)

Davies PT, Cicchetti D. Toward an integration of family systems and developmental psychopathology approaches. Dev Psychopathol. 2004 Summer;16(3):477-81. doi: 10.1017/s0954579404004626. No abstract available.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15605621 (View on PubMed)

De Bellis MD. The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreat. 2005 May;10(2):150-72. doi: 10.1177/1077559505275116.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15798010 (View on PubMed)

Deater-Deckard K, Sewell MD, Petrill SA, Thompson LA. Maternal working memory and reactive negativity in parenting. Psychol Sci. 2010 Jan;21(1):75-9. doi: 10.1177/0956797609354073. Epub 2009 Nov 23.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20424026 (View on PubMed)

Derogatis L. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems, 1993.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Dix T. The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychol Bull. 1991 Jul;110(1):3-25. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 1891517 (View on PubMed)

Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1678-83. doi: 10.1126/science.2270481.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 2270481 (View on PubMed)

Dozier M, Kobak RR. Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: converging evidence for deactivating strategies. Child Dev. 1992 Dec;63(6):1473-80.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 1446563 (View on PubMed)

Ellis BJ, Boyce WT, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary--neurodevelopmental theory. Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Feb;23(1):7-28. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000611.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21262036 (View on PubMed)

Emery RE, Laumann-Billings L. An overview of the nature, causes, and consequences of abusive family relationships. Toward differentiating maltreatment and violence. Am Psychol. 1998 Feb;53(2):121-35. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.121.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 9491743 (View on PubMed)

Enders CK. The impact of nonnormality on full information maximum-likelihood estimation for structural equation models with missing data. Psychol Methods. 2001 Dec;6(4):352-70.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11778677 (View on PubMed)

Erickson MF, Egeland B, Pianta R. The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 647-684). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Evans GW, English K. The environment of poverty: multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev. 2002 Jul-Aug;73(4):1238-48. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00469.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 12146745 (View on PubMed)

Eyberg SM, Funderburk B. Parent-child interaction therapy protocol. Gainesville, FL: PCIT International, 2011.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Eyberg SM, Pincus D. Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory & Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory-Revised: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1999.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Eyberg SM, Funderburk BW, Hembree-Kigin TL, McNeil CB, Querido JG, Hood KK. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: One and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the family. Child & Family Behavior Therapy 23: 1-20, 2001.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Robinson EA, Eyberg SM. The dyadic parent-child interaction coding system: standardization and validation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1981 Apr;49(2):245-50. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.49.2.245. No abstract available.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 7217491 (View on PubMed)

Falkenstein M, Hoormann J, Hohnsbein J. ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition. Acta Psychol (Amst). 1999 Apr;101(2-3):267-91. doi: 10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00008-6.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 10344188 (View on PubMed)

Farver JA, Xu Y, Eppe S, Fernandez A, Schwartz D. Community violence, family conflict, and preschoolers' socioemotional functioning. Dev Psychol. 2005 Jan;41(1):160-70. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.160.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15656746 (View on PubMed)

Feil EG, Baggett KM, Davis B, Sheeber L, Landry S, Carta JJ, Buzhardt J. Expanding the reach of preventive interventions: development of an Internet-based training for parents of infants. Child Maltreat. 2008 Nov;13(4):334-46. doi: 10.1177/1077559508322446.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18843143 (View on PubMed)

Fisher PA, Gunnar MR, Dozier M, Bruce J, Pears KC. Effects of therapeutic interventions for foster children on behavioral problems, caregiver attachment, and stress regulatory neural systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:215-25. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.023.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17347353 (View on PubMed)

Funderburk BW, Eyberg SM. History of parent-child interaction therapy. In J. Norcross (Ed.), History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and change (2nd ed., pp.415-420). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Gerstadt CL, Hong YJ, Diamond A. The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition. 1994 Nov;53(2):129-53. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 7805351 (View on PubMed)

Baron IS. Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol. 2000 Sep;6(3):235-8. doi: 10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152. No abstract available.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11419452 (View on PubMed)

Giuliano RJ, Skowron EA, Berkman ET. Growth models of dyadic synchrony and mother-child vagal tone in the context of parenting at-risk. Biol Psychol. 2015 Feb;105:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.009. Epub 2014 Dec 24.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 25542759 (View on PubMed)

Graziano P, Derefinko K. Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychol. 2013 Sep;94(1):22-37. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.011. Epub 2013 May 4.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23648264 (View on PubMed)

Graziano PA, Bagner DM, Sheinkopf SJ, Vohr BR, Lester BM. Evidence-based intervention for young children born premature: preliminary evidence for associated changes in physiological regulation. Infant Behav Dev. 2012 Jun;35(3):417-28. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.04.001. Epub 2012 Jun 19.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22721742 (View on PubMed)

Gresham FM, Elliott SN. Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson, 2008.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Gunnar MR, Fisher PA; Early Experience, Stress, and Prevention Network. Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol. 2006 Summer;18(3):651-77.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17152395 (View on PubMed)

Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:145-73. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16903808 (View on PubMed)

Hagger MS, Wood C, Stiff C, Chatzisarantis NL. Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2010 Jul;136(4):495-525. doi: 10.1037/a0019486.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20565167 (View on PubMed)

Hajcak G, Nieuwenhuis S. Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2006 Dec;6(4):291-7. doi: 10.3758/cabn.6.4.291.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17458444 (View on PubMed)

Hajcak G, MacNamara A, Olvet DM. Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: an integrative review. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35(2):129-55. doi: 10.1080/87565640903526504.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20390599 (View on PubMed)

Hakman M, Chaffin M, Funderburk B, Silovsky JF. Change trajectories for parent-child interaction sequences during parent-child interaction therapy for child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2009 Jul;33(7):461-70. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.08.003. Epub 2009 Jul 5.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19581001 (View on PubMed)

Heaton RK, & PAR Staff. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computer version 4. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2003.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Heller SS, Larrieu JA, D'Imperio R, Boris NW. Research on resilience to child maltreatment: empirical considerations. Child Abuse Negl. 1999 Apr;23(4):321-38. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00007-1.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 10321770 (View on PubMed)

Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Dev. 1995 Aug;66(4):1100-6.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 7671652 (View on PubMed)

Hoffman C, Crnic KA, Baker JK. Maternal depression and parenting: Implications for children's emergent emotion regulation and behavioral functioning. Parenting: Science and Practice 6: 271-295, 2006.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Joosen KJ, Mesman J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. Maternal overreactive sympathetic nervous system responses to repeated infant crying predicts risk for impulsive harsh discipline of infants. Child Maltreat. 2013 Nov;18(4):252-63. doi: 10.1177/1077559513494762. Epub 2013 Jul 8.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23836807 (View on PubMed)

Judd CM, Kenny DA, McClelland GH. Estimating and testing mediation and moderation in within-subject designs. Psychol Methods. 2001 Jun;6(2):115-34. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.6.2.115.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11411437 (View on PubMed)

Kaufman J, Zigler, EF. The intergenerational transmission of child abuse. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 129-150). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Kerr ME, Bowen M. Family evaluation. New York, NY: Norton, 1988.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Knudsen DD. Child Protective Services: Discretion, decisions, dilemmas. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1988.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Kopp CB. Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental review. Developmental Psychology 25: 343-354, 1989.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Loeber R, Hay D. Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annu Rev Psychol. 1997;48:371-410. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.371.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 9046564 (View on PubMed)

Loman MM, Johnson AE, Westerlund A, Pollak SD, Nelson CA, Gunnar MR. The effect of early deprivation on executive attention in middle childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;54(1):37-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02602.x. Epub 2012 Aug 24.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22924462 (View on PubMed)

MacKinnon DP, Luecken LJ. How and for whom? Mediation and moderation in health psychology. Health Psychol. 2008 Mar;27(2S):S99-S100. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S99.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18377161 (View on PubMed)

MacKinnon DP, Fritz MS, Williams J, Lockwood CM. Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: program PRODCLIN. Behav Res Methods. 2007 Aug;39(3):384-9. doi: 10.3758/bf03193007.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 17958149 (View on PubMed)

Masyn KE. Discrete-Time Survival Factor Mixture Analysis for Low-Frequency Recurrent Event Histories. Res Hum Dev. 2009;6(2-3):165-194. doi: 10.1080/15427600902911270.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 24489519 (View on PubMed)

McCabe K, Yeh M. Parent-child interaction therapy for Mexican Americans: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009 Sep;38(5):753-9. doi: 10.1080/15374410903103544.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20183659 (View on PubMed)

McCanne TR, Hagstrom AH. Physiological hyperreactivity to stressors in physical child abusers and individuals at risk for being physically abusive. Aggression and Violent Behavior 1: 345-358, 1996.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

McDermott JM, Westerlund A, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA. Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: implications for academic adjustment. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Feb 15;2 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008. Epub 2011 Oct 19.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22682911 (View on PubMed)

Milner JS. The Child Abuse Potential Inventory MANUAL (2nd ed.). DeKalb, IL: Psytec, Inc., 1986.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Milner JS. Assessing physical child abuse risk: The Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 547-583, 1994.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Minuchin S. Families and family therapy. Oxford, England: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Moadab I, Gilbert T, Dishion TJ, Tucker DM. Frontolimbic activity in a frustrating task: covariation between patterns of coping and individual differences in externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Dev Psychopathol. 2010 May;22(2):391-404. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000131.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 20423549 (View on PubMed)

Moffitt T. The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology 5: 135-151, 1993.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Morgan-Lopez AA, MacKinnon DP. Demonstration and evaluation of a method for assessing mediated moderation. Behav Res Methods. 2006 Feb;38(1):77-87. doi: 10.3758/bf03192752.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16817516 (View on PubMed)

Muller D, Judd CM, Yzerbyt VY. When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Dec;89(6):852-63. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16393020 (View on PubMed)

Muthén BO, Curran PJ. General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs: A latent variable framework for analysis and power estimation. Psychological Methods 2: 371-402, 1997.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Muthén LK, Muthén BO. How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling 9(4): 599-620, 2002.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Muthén LK, Muthén BO. MPlus User's Guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: StatModel, 2012.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain: Working Paper #3. Psychology & Health, 19, 237-246, 2005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Pandey AK, Kamarajan C, Tang Y, Chorlian DB, Roopesh BN, Manz N, Stimus A, Rangaswamy M, Porjesz B. Neurocognitive deficits in male alcoholics: an ERP/sLORETA analysis of the N2 component in an equal probability Go/NoGo task. Biol Psychol. 2012 Jan;89(1):170-82. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.009. Epub 2011 Oct 21.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 22024409 (View on PubMed)

Pine DS, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Montgomery L, Monk CS, McClure E, Guyer AE, Ernst M, Charney DS, Kaufman J. Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):291-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.291.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 15677593 (View on PubMed)

Pine DS, Wasserman GA, Miller L, Coplan JD, Bagiella E, Kovelenku P, Myers MM, Sloan RP. Heart period variability and psychopathology in urban boys at risk for delinquency. Psychophysiology. 1998 Sep;35(5):521-9. doi: 10.1017/s0048577298970846.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 9715096 (View on PubMed)

Pollak SD. Mechanisms Linking Early Experience and the Emergence of Emotions: Illustrations From the Study of Maltreated Children. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008 Dec;17(6):370-375. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00608.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21701602 (View on PubMed)

Pollak SD, Cicchetti D, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT. Cognitive Brain Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Processing in Maltreated Children. Child Dev. 1997 Oct;68(5):773-787. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01961.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 29106724 (View on PubMed)

Pollak SD, Vardi S, Putzer Bechner AM, Curtin JJ. Physically abused children's regulation of attention in response to hostility. Child Dev. 2005 Sep-Oct;76(5):968-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00890.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 16149995 (View on PubMed)

Ponitz CC, McClelland MM, Matthews JS, Morrison FJ. A structured observation of behavioral self-regulation and its contribution to kindergarten outcomes. Dev Psychol. 2009 May;45(3):605-19. doi: 10.1037/a0015365.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 19413419 (View on PubMed)

Porges SW. Orienting in a defensive world: mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory. Psychophysiology. 1995 Jul;32(4):301-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01213.x.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 7652107 (View on PubMed)

Porges SW. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 Oct;42(2):123-46. doi: 10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11587772 (View on PubMed)

Posne MI, Rothbart MK. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Dev Psychopathol. 2000 Summer;12(3):427-41. doi: 10.1017/s0954579400003096.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11014746 (View on PubMed)

Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008 Aug;40(3):879-91. doi: 10.3758/brm.40.3.879.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 18697684 (View on PubMed)

Pu J, Schmeichel BJ, Demaree HA. Cardiac vagal control predicts spontaneous regulation of negative emotional expression and subsequent cognitive performance. Biological Psychology 84: 531-540, 2010.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Racer KH, Dishion TJ. Disordered Attention: Implications for Understanding and Treating Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders in Childhood. Cogn Behav Pract. 2012 Feb;19(1):31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.06.005.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 23365493 (View on PubMed)

Racer KH, Gilbert TT, Luu P, Felver-Gant J, Abdullaev Y, Dishion TJ. Attention network performance and psychopathic symptoms in early adolescence: an ERP study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011 Oct;39(7):1001-12. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9522-6.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 21607659 (View on PubMed)

Repetti RL, Taylor SE, Seeman TE. Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull. 2002 Mar;128(2):330-66.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 11931522 (View on PubMed)

Reynolds CR, Kamphaus RW. Behavior assessment system for children (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, 2004.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981 Apr;38(4):381-9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 6260053 (View on PubMed)

Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D, Aber JL. The role of child maltreatment in early deviations in cognitive and affective processing abilities and later peer relationship problems. Development and Psychopathology 7: 591-609, 1995.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

Skowron EA, Nekkanti AK, Skoranski AM, Scholtes CM, Lyons ER, Mills KL, Bard D, Rock A, Berkman E, Bard E, Funderburk BW. Randomized trial of parent-child interaction therapy improves child-welfare parents' behavior, self-regulation, and self-perceptions. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2024 Feb;92(2):75-92. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000859. Epub 2023 Dec 7.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 38059943 (View on PubMed)

Nekkanti AK, Jeffries R, Scholtes CM, Shimomaeda L, DeBow K, Norman Wells J, Lyons ER, Giuliano RJ, Gutierrez FJ, Woodlee KX, Funderburk BW, Skowron EA. Study Protocol: The Coaching Alternative Parenting Strategies (CAPS) Study of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in Child Welfare Families. Front Psychiatry. 2020 Sep 2;11:839. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00839. eCollection 2020.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 33101068 (View on PubMed)

Provided Documents

Document Type: Study Protocol

View Document

Document Type: Statistical Analysis Plan

View Document

Other Identifiers

1R01DA036533-01A1

Identifier Type: NIH

Identifier Source: org_study_id

View Link