Deep Brain Stimulation for Severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
NCT ID: NCT02655926
Last Updated: 2017-03-03
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
6 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2012-09-30
2016-11-30
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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Evidence for different clinical effects comes from findings that VS/VC DBS produced early and sometimes dramatic mood elevation and anxiety reduction prior to improvement in obsessions and compulsions whereas STN DBS, while diminishing obsessions and compulsions, had no effect on emotion. This observation is relevant because mood and anxiety are significant symptom dimensions in OCD and increases or decreases in the severity of anxiety or depression are generally accompanied by parallel changes in the severity of obsessions/compulsions. The ventral striatum, as well as being the first target of OFC/ACC cortical outputs, receives inputs from amygdala and midbrain dopaminergic neurones, which together provide the emotional and motivational impetus for goal directed behaviour. The ventral striatum is therefore in a unique position, via its involvement in limbic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry, to influence the cognitive and motor processing in parallel circuits which is preparatory for action selection and ultimately manifest in thoughts and actions. Denys and colleagues proposed that VS/VC DBS influences OCD symptoms via its effect on anxiety and mood. Taking this further, Investigators hypothesize that stimulation of ventral striatal neurones influences reinforcement learning and emotion processing thereby improving mood and reducing anxiety and resulting in a decrease in the intensity of obsessions and compulsions.
STN DBS on the other hand may have a more direct effect on obsessions and compulsions. The limbic STN, like the ventral striatum, is in a unique position to influence behavioural outputs of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry. This is because the STN receives a direct projection from right inferior frontal cortex which acts as a 'hyperdirect pathway', activation of which overrides neural processing in the direct cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic pathway. This results in the inhibition of ongoing, planned acts and thoughts. Investigators therefore hypothesise that, via this inhibitory mechanism, stimulation of STN neurones enables OCD patients to interrupt their repetitive thoughts and actions resulting in a decrease in obsessions and compulsions.
Accordingly, DBS at both sites, because of different mechanisms of action, is predicted to be clinically more effective than stimulation of either site alone. It also follows that if there are two mechanisms mediating OCD improvement, this should be evident in different patterns of cognitive and neurophysiological effects following DBS. In the proposed study Investigators will test these predictions clinically and experimentally by using paradigms designed to distinguish the two hypothetical mechanisms of action.
The main aim of CBT is to enable OCD patients to obtain greater control over behaviour so that they can inhibit their repetitive thoughts and acts and switch to more meaningful alternatives. One abnormal mechanism contributing to such cognitive inflexibility is thought to be blunting of the value of positive and negative reinforcement normally used to guide responses and dependent on intact OFC-striatal neural circuitry. Dysfunction of this cognitive control system has been shown in first-degree clinically unaffected relatives of OCD patients thus confirming this mechanism as a neurobiological phenotype of OCD 15.It is therefore hypothesised that DBS of VS/VC will improve the processing of reinforcing stimuli and that this will result not only in elevation of mood and reduction in anxiety but also in increased cognitive flexibility. Investigators will test this by measuring the effectiveness of VS/VC DBS on clinical measures of mood, anxiety, obsessions and compulsions and relate these to changes in reinforcement learning and emotional processing using cognitive tasks sensitive to OCD which measure the ability to respond appropriately to reinforcing contingencies.
Attentional processes are also thought to contribute to impaired behavioural control in OCD. Being able to stop or inhibit planned acts when environmental circumstances change depends on the function of the right inferior cortical-STN hyperdirect pathway and can be operationalised by measuring the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). The finding of specific prolongation of SSRT in OCD patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives suggests that this cognitive abnormality is also a phenotype of OCD. Although the neural substrate of this mechanism does not involve the limbic cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic circuit, recent evidence suggests that neural systems outside this circuitry, involving the right inferior frontal cortex, are impaired in OCD. Investigators therefore hypothesise that STN DBS allows inhibition of repetitive thoughts and acts in OCD by facilitating the action of the hyperdirect pathway from the right inferior frontal cortex to STN. Investigators will test this by measuring the effectiveness of STN DBS on obsessions and compulsions and relate these to changes in SSRT and performance on other tasks sensitive to right inferior frontal cortex function which measure the ability to inhibit pre-potent tendencies.
OCD symptoms and cognitive impairment may be mediated by abnormal cortical excitability due to aberrant long term depression (LTD) synaptic plasticity and/or reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated intracortical inhibition. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to measure these neurophysiological processes safely in patients undergoing DBS and both abnormalities have been shown to normalise following DBS in other disorders. Investigators will use TMS to assess these neural processes before and after DBS in OCD patients and test for whether there are differential changes from the two DBS sites and whether combined VS/VC and STN DBS produces more vigorous improvements compatible with our hypothesis concerning the superior clinical effects of this condition. Investigators will measure intracortical inhibition not only at rest but also during the anticipation of reinforcement, previously shown to affect motor cortex excitability and which Investigators predict will be specifically affected by VS/VC DBS.
Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
CROSSOVER
TREATMENT
QUADRUPLE
Study Groups
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STN Arm
Participants would only have STN deep brain stimulation switched at optimal settings for that participant on for 12 weeks.
Deep Brain Stimulation
Participants undergo implantation of bilateral electrodes at both the VS/VC and STN sites through a single burr hole under general anaesthesia. High-resolution MRI scans are used to calculate target coordinates and to verify accurate electrode location post-surgery. Each STN electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 0.5mm separation) and each VS/VC electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 1.5mm separation) to allow fine tuning of the exact site for stimulation delivery. Two non-rechargeable batteries (Activa PC) are connected to the electrodes and positioned under the skin of the right and left chest wall so that they correspond to the same set of electrodes for each patient: one for the 2 STN electrodes and one for the 2 VC/VS electrodes.
VC/VS Arm
Participants would only have VC/VS deep brain stimulation switched on at optimal settings for that participant for 12 weeks.
Deep Brain Stimulation
Participants undergo implantation of bilateral electrodes at both the VS/VC and STN sites through a single burr hole under general anaesthesia. High-resolution MRI scans are used to calculate target coordinates and to verify accurate electrode location post-surgery. Each STN electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 0.5mm separation) and each VS/VC electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 1.5mm separation) to allow fine tuning of the exact site for stimulation delivery. Two non-rechargeable batteries (Activa PC) are connected to the electrodes and positioned under the skin of the right and left chest wall so that they correspond to the same set of electrodes for each patient: one for the 2 STN electrodes and one for the 2 VC/VS electrodes.
Interventions
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Deep Brain Stimulation
Participants undergo implantation of bilateral electrodes at both the VS/VC and STN sites through a single burr hole under general anaesthesia. High-resolution MRI scans are used to calculate target coordinates and to verify accurate electrode location post-surgery. Each STN electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 0.5mm separation) and each VS/VC electrode have 4 electrical contacts at its distal tip (with a 1.5mm separation) to allow fine tuning of the exact site for stimulation delivery. Two non-rechargeable batteries (Activa PC) are connected to the electrodes and positioned under the skin of the right and left chest wall so that they correspond to the same set of electrodes for each patient: one for the 2 STN electrodes and one for the 2 VC/VS electrodes.
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. At least two serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) for a minimum of 12 weeks at optimal British National Formulary (BNF) doses.
2. Augmentation of SRI treatment with antipsychotic drugs administered at maximally tolerated doses or by extending the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) dose beyond BNF limits.
3. Two trials of CBT of at least 10 hours.
4. Failed inpatient treatment for OCD.
2. Participants must be older than 20 years of age.
3. Confirmation of a primary diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) F42.0-F42.9).
4. Duration of OCD of at least 10 years.
5. At least 2 years of unremitting symptoms despite intensive psychopharmacological and psychological treatment or failure to sustain, over a 3 month period, a response to inpatient psychological treatment by at least 33% with accompanying optimised pharmacological therapy.
6. A minimum score of 32 on Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) thus constituting profound illness and a maximum score of 50 on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) General Assessment of Function Scale (GAF).
7. Ability to provide sustained informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
2. Current diagnosis of Organic brain syndrome (ICD10 F00-F09)
3. Current diagnosis of Adult personality disorder (ICD10 F60-F69)
4. Current diagnosis of Pervasive developmental disorder (ICD10 F84)
5. Current diagnosis of Schizophrenia (ICD10 F20-F29)
6. Current diagnosis of Bipolar disorder (ICD 10 F30-31)
7. Contraindications to neurosurgery
8. Pregnancy
20 Years
ALL
No
Sponsors
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University College, London
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Principal Investigators
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Eileen M Joyce, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University College, London
Locations
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UCL Institute of Neurology
London, , United Kingdom
Countries
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References
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Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Sajid M, Allen P, Roberti JW, Goodman WK. Reliability and validity of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Psychol Assess. 2005 Dec;17(4):486-91. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.486.
Storch EA, Rasmussen SA, Price LH, Larson MJ, Murphy TK, Goodman WK. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale--Second Edition. Psychol Assess. 2010 Jun;22(2):223-32. doi: 10.1037/a0018492.
Welter ML, Mallet L, Houeto JL, Karachi C, Czernecki V, Cornu P, Navarro S, Pidoux B, Dormont D, Bardinet E, Yelnik J, Damier P, Agid Y. Internal pallidal and thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2008 Jul;65(7):952-7. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.7.952.
Stefani A, Lozano AM, Peppe A, Stanzione P, Galati S, Tropepi D, Pierantozzi M, Brusa L, Scarnati E, Mazzone P. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2007 Jun;130(Pt 6):1596-607. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl346. Epub 2007 Jan 24.
Ferraye MU, Debu B, Fraix V, Goetz L, Ardouin C, Yelnik J, Henry-Lagrange C, Seigneuret E, Piallat B, Krack P, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Pollak P. Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2010 Jan;133(Pt 1):205-14. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp229. Epub 2009 Sep 22.
Cif L, Biolsi B, Gavarini S, Saux A, Robles SG, Tancu C, Vasques X, Coubes P. Antero-ventral internal pallidum stimulation improves behavioral disorders in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mov Disord. 2007 Oct 31;22(14):2126-9. doi: 10.1002/mds.21723.
Krack P. Subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a new benchmark. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;82(4):356-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222497. Epub 2011 Feb 18. No abstract available.
Morein-Zamir S, Craig KJ, Ersche KD, Abbott S, Muller U, Fineberg NA, Bullmore ET, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Impaired visuospatial associative memory and attention in obsessive compulsive disorder but no evidence for differential dopaminergic modulation. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Oct;212(3):357-67. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1963-z. Epub 2010 Jul 27.
Robbins TW. Shifting and stopping: fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 May 29;362(1481):917-32. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2097.
Other Identifiers
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MR/J012009/1
Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT
Identifier Source: secondary_id
12/LO/1087
Identifier Type: OTHER
Identifier Source: secondary_id
105869
Identifier Type: OTHER
Identifier Source: secondary_id
18430630
Identifier Type: REGISTRY
Identifier Source: secondary_id
12/0226
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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