Trial Outcomes & Findings for Regulation of Postprandial Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Vascular Function By Dairy Milk (NCT NCT02482675)
NCT ID: NCT02482675
Last Updated: 2019-05-14
Results Overview
Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, calculated as FMD AUC for 0-180 minutes (change from baseline)
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
23 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Area under curve for FMD for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes)
Results posted on
2019-05-14
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Glucose, Then Whey Protein, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose, Then Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose, Then Whey Protein, Then Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Whey Protein, Then Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Whey Protein, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Glucose, Then Whey Protein, Then Sodium Caseinate
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Glucose, Then Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Milk, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Whey Protein, Then Milk, Then Glucose, Then Sodium Caseinate
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose, Then Milk, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein, Then Milk, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk, Then Glucose, Then Whey Protein
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Whey Protein, Then Glucose, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Milk, Then Whey Protein, Then Glucose
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Sodium Caseinate, Then Glucose, Then Whey Protein, Then Milk
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
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Overall Study
STARTED
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Overall Study
COMPLETED
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Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
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Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
All Study Participants
n=23 Participants
Each study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|
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Age, Categorical
<=18 years
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0 Participants
n=23 Participants
|
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Age, Categorical
Between 18 and 65 years
|
23 Participants
n=23 Participants
|
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Age, Categorical
>=65 years
|
0 Participants
n=23 Participants
|
|
Age, Continuous
|
33 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 • n=23 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
6 Participants
n=23 Participants
|
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Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
17 Participants
n=23 Participants
|
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Region of Enrollment
United States
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23 participants
n=23 Participants
|
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Body Mass Index
|
31.6 kg/m^2
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 • n=23 Participants
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Waist Circumference
|
106.9 cm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.6 • n=23 Participants
|
|
Systolic Blood Pressure
|
125.3 mmHg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 • n=23 Participants
|
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure
|
83 mmHg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 • n=23 Participants
|
|
Fasting Glucose
|
5.8 mmol/L
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.4 • n=23 Participants
|
|
Total Cholesterol
|
4.6 mmol/L
STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 • n=23 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Area under curve for FMD for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes)Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, calculated as FMD AUC for 0-180 minutes (change from baseline)
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vascular Endothelial Function
|
-307 %*min
Standard Error 67.1
|
-34.8 %*min
Standard Error 62
|
-36.8 %*min
Standard Error 63.3
|
-110 %*min
Standard Error 49.8
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Area under curve for nitrite/nitrate for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) (change from baseline)NOx AUC for 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nitrite/Nitrate (NOx)
|
-1363 umol/L*min
Standard Error 285
|
347 umol/L*min
Standard Error 329
|
-21 umol/L*min
Standard Error 207
|
-57.2 umol/L*min
Standard Error 237
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Area under the curve for glucose for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma glucose concentration from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Plasma Glucose
|
5828 mg/dL*min
Standard Error 669
|
4032 mg/dL*min
Standard Error 702
|
3340 mg/dL*min
Standard Error 619
|
3640 mg/dL*min
Standard Error 550
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Area under curve for MDA for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min.) (change from baseline)Plasma MDA measured as MDA AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malondialdehyde (MDA)
|
66.5 umol/L*min
Standard Error 6.06
|
43.2 umol/L*min
Standard Error 4.27
|
46.4 umol/L*min
Standard Error 4.34
|
45.1 umol/L*min
Standard Error 3.56
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma arginine concentration, calculated as ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Arginine (ARG)
|
-3922 umol/L*min
Standard Error 486
|
-1235 umol/L*min
Standard Error 565
|
195 umol/L*min
Standard Error 632
|
-189 umol/L*min
Standard Error 628
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: ADMA/ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma ADMA/arginine concentration, calculated as ADMA/ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/ARG)
|
275 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 34
|
55 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 43
|
47 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 38
|
25 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 37
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: SDMA/ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma SDMA/arginine concentration, calculated as SDMA/ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/ARG)
|
175 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 14
|
31 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 13
|
4 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 16
|
-17 (nmol/L)/(umol/L)*min
Standard Error 12
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Plasma BH4/BH2 concentration area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma BH4/BH2 concentration, calculated as BH4/BH2 AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tetrahydrobiopterin/Dihydrobiopterin (BH4/BH2)
|
-47 ratio*min
Standard Error 119
|
78 ratio*min
Standard Error 99
|
171 ratio*min
Standard Error 122
|
131 ratio*min
Standard Error 67
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Insulin area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma insulin concentration, calculated as insulin AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Insulin
|
8179.7 uIU/mL*min
Standard Error 904.91
|
8196.1 uIU/mL*min
Standard Error 882.03
|
8654.6 uIU/mL*min
Standard Error 804.32
|
8656.9 uIU/mL*min
Standard Error 869.98
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: CCK area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma CCK concentration, calculated as CCK AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
|
89.67 pmol/L*min
Standard Error 117.52
|
422.87 pmol/L*min
Standard Error 182.43
|
352.5 pmol/L*min
Standard Error 154.03
|
519.94 pmol/L*min
Standard Error 202.36
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a concentration, calculated as 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a
|
2162.2 pg/mL*min
Standard Error 436.50
|
-824.14 pg/mL*min
Standard Error 368.68
|
-18.75 pg/mL*min
Standard Error 498.80
|
229.14 pg/mL*min
Standard Error 484.62
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Plasma 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid concentration, calculated as 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid
|
10129 (pg/mL)/(ug/mL)*min
Standard Error 1613.7
|
-1655.2 (pg/mL)/(ug/mL)*min
Standard Error 1477.1
|
2422.3 (pg/mL)/(ug/mL)*min
Standard Error 2030.6
|
3907.6 (pg/mL)/(ug/mL)*min
Standard Error 2378.7
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Arachidonic acid area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)Arachidonic acid concentration, calculated as Arachidonic acid AUC from 0-180 minutes
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Glucose
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Non-fat Milk: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
n=23 Participants
This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.
Glucose with Sodium Caseinate: Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Arachidonic Acid
|
-2570 ug/mL*min
Standard Error 451.86
|
-1358.4 ug/mL*min
Standard Error 497.54
|
-2762.6 ug/mL*min
Standard Error 529.07
|
-2752.0 ug/mL*min
Standard Error 462.74
|
Adverse Events
Glucose
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Glucose With Non-fat Milk
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Glucose With Whey Protein Isolate
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Glucose With Sodium Caseinate
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place