The Effect of Connective Tissue Massage in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhoea

NCT ID: NCT02372123

Last Updated: 2015-12-11

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

40 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2015-02-28

Study Completion Date

2015-08-31

Brief Summary

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue manipulation on pain threshold in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. According to literature, there are studies that measure the pain threshold. But there is no randomized controlled trial which explore the short and long-term effects of connective tissue manipulation on primary dysmenorrhoea. Hypothesis of this study is that connective tissue manipulation increases pain threshold and decreases severity of pain in women suffer with primary dysmenorrhoea.

Detailed Description

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Dysmenorrhoea has been defined painful menstruation. It is divided primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea according to the pathophysiology. Primary dysmenorrhoea is severe menstrual pain, occurs a short time after menarche and without pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhoea is severe menstrual pain that occurs related to pelvic pathology. In primary dysmenorrhoea, pain usually begins with menstruation and ends in 48-72 hours. Pain is usually felt in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral region. Fatigue, headache, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation may be accompanied by primary dysmenorrhoea.

It is difficult to determine the incidence and etiology of dysmenorrhoea because of the variety of the criteria used in the diagnosis of the dysmenorrhoea and subjective symptoms. But current studies show that primary dysmenorrhoea is common gynecological problem that affects majority of women. Tu et al. indicated that prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was between 20-90% percent and 15% of cases had severe symptoms.

Although the etiology of primary dysmenorrhoea is not fully understood, excessive prostaglandin production is believed to cause abnormal uterine activity. Hyperalgesia is present especially in the deep tissue during the menstrual cycle.

Various approaches have been proposed until now for the treatment of patients with dysmenorrhoea. These are medical treatments (for example paracetamol, NSAID, oral contraceptives), alternative treatments (for example herbal products and nutritional supplements, dietary changes), surgical treatments and physiotherapy and rehabilitation approaches. Connective tissue manipulation (CTM), physiotherapy and rehabilitation approach, has been found by German physiotherapist Elizabeth Dicke in 1929. CTM is a manual reflex therapy, which produces autonomic responses via cutaneous-visceral reflexes. This safe and effective technique consists short and long tractions, which performed on the patients' skin by the skilled and experienced physiotherapist. Although the effect mechanism of CTM has not been fully understood yet, it is known that the treatment method stimulates autonomic nervous system to rebalance the parasympathetic and sympathetic functions. CTM produces autonomic stimulus when the stroke is performed on the skin and blood vessels are stimulated by autonomic nerve endings located in the tissue interfaces. It has also found that stimulation of autonomic nerve endings may results in reduction of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone leads to vasodilatation. Stimulation of skin with strokes affects segmental reflexes. It is known that stimulation of segmental reflexes can be used in treatment of organ dysfunctions. CTM applied to affected dermatome generates reflex effects in the associated organs, provides healing by increasing circulation and decreasing pain. Skin alterations and subcutaneous tissue tension are observed in the dermatomes and myotomes, which are innervated by same spinal cord level with malfunctioning organ. In addition to these effects, powerful stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptor induces gate control mechanism, increases pain threshold and decreases stress hormones and muscle tension.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue manipulation on pain threshold in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. According to literature, there are studies that measure the pain threshold. But there is no randomized controlled trial which explore the short and long-term effects of connective tissue manipulation on primary dysmenorrhoea. Hypothesis of this study is that connective tissue manipulation increases pain threshold and decreases severity of pain in women suffer with primary dysmenorrhoea.

Conditions

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Dysmenorrhea Pelvic Pain

Keywords

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Dysmenorrhea Primary dysmenorrhea physiotherapy massage connective tissue massage connective tissue manipulation

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

SINGLE_GROUP

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

SINGLE

Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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control

lifestyle advice

Group Type OTHER

lifestyle advice

Intervention Type OTHER

Investigators will give lifestyle advice to patients such as exercising regularly, limiting caffeine, sugar and alcohol intake, reduction or cessation of smoking

intervention

connective tissue manipulation

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

lifestyle advice

Intervention Type OTHER

Investigators will give lifestyle advice to patients such as exercising regularly, limiting caffeine, sugar and alcohol intake, reduction or cessation of smoking

connective tissue manipulation

Intervention Type OTHER

Investigators will apply connective tissue manipulation on lumbosacral, lower thoracic, and anterior pelvic regions starting from the estimated time of ovulation until the next period begins

Interventions

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lifestyle advice

Investigators will give lifestyle advice to patients such as exercising regularly, limiting caffeine, sugar and alcohol intake, reduction or cessation of smoking

Intervention Type OTHER

connective tissue manipulation

Investigators will apply connective tissue manipulation on lumbosacral, lower thoracic, and anterior pelvic regions starting from the estimated time of ovulation until the next period begins

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Nulliparous women: aged over 18 years, diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea according to Primary Dysmenorrhea Consensus Guideline, having regular menstrual cycles, a history of menstrual pain starting in the first few years after menarche and menstrual pain rated higher than 40 mm on a visual analog scale considering the last six months

Exclusion Criteria

* Menstrual pain below 40 mm on the VAS
* Severe gastrointestinal, urogynecological or autoimmune disease
* other chronic pain syndromes
* psychiatric disorder
* childbirth
* positive pregnancy test
* intrauterine device
* urogynecologic surgery
* chronic medication including oral contraceptives or antidepressants for at least six months prior to study
* irregular menstrual cycles
* a history or ultrasonographic observation of pathologic conditions
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

30 Years

Eligible Sex

FEMALE

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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Hacettepe University

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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SERAP KAYA

project manager

Responsibility Role PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Locations

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Hacettepe University

Ankara, , Turkey (Türkiye)

Site Status

Countries

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Turkey (Türkiye)

References

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Arendt-Nielsen L, Madsen H, Jarrell J, Gregersen H, Drewes AM. Pain evoked by distension of the uterine cervix in women with dysmenorrhea: evidence for central sensitization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014 Aug;93(8):741-8. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12403. Epub 2014 May 24.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 24773180 (View on PubMed)

Molins-Cubero S, Rodriguez-Blanco C, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca A, Heredia-Rizo AM, Bosca-Gandia JJ, Ricard F. Changes in pain perception after pelvis manipulation in women with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med. 2014 Sep;15(9):1455-63. doi: 10.1111/pme.12404. Epub 2014 Mar 25.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 24666560 (View on PubMed)

Tu CH, Niddam DM, Chao HT, Chen LF, Chen YS, Wu YT, Yeh TC, Lirng JF, Hsieh JC. Brain morphological changes associated with cyclic menstrual pain. Pain. 2010 Sep;150(3):462-468. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.026.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 20705214 (View on PubMed)

Holey LA, Dixon J, Selfe J. An exploratory thermographic investigation of the effects of connective tissue massage on autonomic function. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 Sep;34(7):457-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.05.012. Epub 2011 Jul 23.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 21875520 (View on PubMed)

Holey LA, Dixon J. Connective tissue manipulation: a review of theory and clinical evidence. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014 Jan;18(1):112-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.08.003. Epub 2013 Sep 8.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 24411158 (View on PubMed)

Reed BV, Held JM. Effects of sequential connective tissue massage on autonomic nervous system of middle-aged and elderly adults. Phys Ther. 1988 Aug;68(8):1231-4.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 3399521 (View on PubMed)

As-Sanie S, Harris RE, Harte SE, Tu FF, Neshewat G, Clauw DJ. Increased pressure pain sensitivity in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1047-1055. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a7e1f5.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 24104772 (View on PubMed)

Granot M, Yarnitsky D, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Granovsky Y, Peer E, Zimmer EZ. Pain perception in women with dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Sep;98(3):407-11. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01465-x.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 11530120 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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GO15/98

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id