A Physiological Study to Determine the Enteral Threonine Requirements in Infants Aged 1 to 6 Months
NCT ID: NCT02364843
Last Updated: 2024-04-18
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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Recruitment Status
TERMINATED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
2 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2016-02-29
Study Completion Date
2023-10-31
Brief Summary
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This is the 5th in a series of physiological studies to determine the amino acid requirements of infants. There have been 4 studies to determine tyrosine, methionine, threonine and lysine requirements in infants when they are fed by parenterally (intravenously). Due to the new requirements of Health Canada for preparation of parenteral solutions, the investigators are starting the phase of the study that determines the enteral (oral) intake of threonine in 1 - 6 mo infants in the interim.
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Detailed Description
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INTRODUCTION
Threonine is an indispensable AA that must come from dietary sources. It is critical in the production of mucins in the gut (Law, Bertolo et al. 2007) and contributes significantly to collagen, elastin and tooth enamel formation (Kramsch, Franzblau et al. 1971, Robinson, Lowe et al. 1975). The current adequate intake (AI) for threonine in infants proposed by the Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, in the 2005 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients is based on a factorial approach due to the lack of conclusive empirical data. Studies that lead to the determination of amino acid (AA) requirements for infants used the nitrogen analysis technique and were performed over 20 years ago (Snyderman, Norton et al. 1959). Methodological advances have made it possible to determine AA requirements in humans with a more precise technique (Zello, Wykes et al. 1995). However, no studies of threonine requirement in infants (1- 6mo of age) with the use of the newer stable-isotope methods have been reported.
To accurately determine amino acid requirements, it is necessary to provide a range of amino acid intakes. For ethical reasons, infants cannot be fed very low or high test amino acid diets for prolonged periods of time. The minimally invasive IAAO method, initially developed in adults in our laboratory (Zello, Pencharz et al. 1993) and now used internationally (Huang, Hogewind-Schoonenboom et al. 2011) to determine amino acid requirements, overcomes this problem. The IAAO method takes less than 24 hours to conduct and has been used safely in parenterally fed neonates, enterally fed neonates, children and adults.
Our laboratory determined the enteral requirement of threonine in piglets (Bertolo, Chen et al. 1998) which was 0.42g/kg/d. We are able to extrapolate from this data, and propose that the enteral requirement for neonates would be 84 mg/kg/d. In this study we will be determining the enteral requirement for the 1 - 6 months old infant and predict that since growth slows and protein requirement decreases after the first month of life, the enteral requirement of infants will be similar to the DRI's AI of 73 mg/kg/d. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the enteral Threonine requirement in infants from 1 to 6 months of age with the IAAO method.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Subjects: A total of 18 studies will be performed where participants will be randomized to 1 of 18 test threonine intakes. Infants between the ages of 1 and 6 months will be recruited from the in-patient post-surgical population of the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Canada. Participants may be eligible to participate in more than one study intake following enrolment, therefore being randomized to a second threonine intake. All study procedures and consent forms will have the approval of the research ethics board at SickKids. Permission to enroll the infants in the study will be obtained from the attending surgeon and written informed consent will be obtained from one or both parents/guardians. Recruitment of patients is expected to begin in December 2015. The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov # NCT02364843.
Infants will be included in the study if they are between the ages of 1 to 6 months, were born between 32 weeks and 43 weeks gestational age, are clinically stable as determined by normal blood values and vital signs, and are in-patients who are being fed via nasogastric (NG-), jejunal (NJ- or J-), or gastric (G-) feeding tube. Infants will be excluded if they are receiving supplemental oxygen, are mechanically ventilated, have any endocrine or genetic anomalies which would influence protein and AA metabolism, or are receiving medication which would influence protein and AA metabolism (eg. Corticosteroid therapy).
Experimental design and study diet
The study design is the minimally invasive IAAO design, which is based on the concept that, because AA's are not stored in the body, the intake of dietary essential AAs relative to their use for protein synthesis determines whether they are oxidized or incorporated into protein. When the intake of one indispensable AA is restricted, the other indispensable AAs are in excess and are oxidized because they cannot be incorporated into protein as previously described (Zello, Pencharz et al. 1993). Each study will take place over an 18 - 24 hour period following confirmation from the infant's clinical dietitian that an appropriate enteral intake of protein and non-protein energy from the infant's feeds has been delivered over 24 to 48 hours preceding the study day. On the one study day (the duration which will be less than 24 hours; see Fig. 1), the infant will receive a formula made from a commercial protein free enteral formula (Pro-Phree) which supplies a known amount of carbohydrate, fat, minerals, trace elements and vitamins appropriate for an infant and to which an AA mixture will be added. Amino acids will be added in the pattern of breast milk as follows in mg·kg-1·d-1: Lys 207, Met 48, Leu 288, Ile 165, Val 165, Phe 126, Try 51, His 63, Tyr 156, Arg 69, Pro 240, Cys 51, Gly 69, Ala 114, Ser 150, Asp 270, Glu 534 (WHO 2007). Each infant will receive a different intake of Threonine per study and the 18 intakes for the 18 infants will fall on a continuum between 15 and 130 mg·kg-1·d-1. As the intake of threonine is varied, the formulas will be maintained as isonitrogenous by varying intakes of alanine which is a dispensable AA. The amino acid mixture will be put through a 0.22 µ filter to ensure it is sterile and pathogen free. This is an added safety step that is not done with commercial formulas but was done with our parenteral solutions when studying Threonine and Lysine requirements in parenterally fed infants (Chapman 2009, 2010). Combining the AA mixture and the commercially prepared Pro-Phree formulation will be done in the hospital's Formula Room under their standard operating procedure (SOP) guidelines for clinical formula preparation. The infants will receive the study formula via their feeding tube, or a combination of tube feeds and oral feeds, over the 18 - 24 hour study period as ordered by the clinical dietician.
A research-grade stable isotope tracer, manufactured by Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (CIL), Maine, USA, will be used to measure oxidation or protein deposition in response to the varying intakes of threonine. The stable isotope is an amino acid is L-\[1-13C\]Phenylalanine, and is administered with the infant's feeds at a dose of 15 µ·kg-1/h-1. This stable isotope is found in all humans as 1% of the total percentage of the amino acid phenylalanine and the stable isotope itself has been used successfully and without harm when given intravenously to infants in 4 previous studies conducted at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada (Roberts 2001; Courtney Martin 2008; Chapman 2009, 2010).
We are using a study protocol that provides sufficient time for the infant to reach a steady state with the stable 1-13CPhenylalanine isotope above baseline values as determined by our infant parenteral studies (Chapman 2009, 2010). We will conduct the first two studies using only the phenylalanine stable isotope. If on analysis, we find that we do not see sufficient difference between the baseline and steady state levels of the 1-13CPhenylalanine stable isotope, then we will introduce a one-time dose of 13C-sodium bicarbonate (NaH13CO2) at 14 μmol kg-1 administered by NG/G tube to permit us to see a differentiation between the infant's naturally occurring 1-13CPhenylalanine and the amount we administer with the formula. We do not believe we will need to use the bicarbonate isotope but have added to our protocol for approval should its use become necessary. It is used routinely by a group of scientists in the Netherlands who also study infant amino acid requirements and who have not reported any issues with its administration (Hogewind-Schoonenboom 2014)
The stable isotope tracers are labelled "For Research Use Only" and are acceptable for use in humans of all ages which will be confirmed by the Isotope manufacturing company who will provide a Certificate of Analysis with testing for chemical purity, presence, if any, of heavy metals (in parts per million) and microbiological testing including pyrogens. Both the isotopes will be prepared in the Diet Kitchen of the hospital at the time of preparation of the study formula under the same SOP guidelines as clinical diets.
Sample collection and analysis
Breath samples and urine will be collected to determine changes in the infants' response to the study diet. Three baseline breath and urine samples will be collected prior to the introduction of the study diet. Four plateau breath and urine samples will be collected every hour beginning 12-18 hours after the introduction of the Research grade stable isotope-labeled tracers. Breath samples will be collected using a Carbon Dioxide Analyzer Cart which is similar in design and use as a clinical test device called a Calorimeter. Both devices use a vented hood system under which the infants sleep or rest and VCO2 is measured. Each breath sample will be collected over a 10 minute period by bubbling the breath effluent into a reflux condenser and trapping the breath in a test tube. The breath samples will be measured by a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Urine samples will be collected by placing cotton balls in the infant's diapers and analyzed on a tandem mass spectrometer.
Statistical analysis
The effect of threonine intake on phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and F13CO2 will be tested by using analysis of variance with the PROC GLM procedure (SAS version 9.4). Estimates of the mean threonine intake will be derived by breakpoint analysis of the rate of release of 13CO2 (F13CO2) data with the use of a 2-phase linear regression crossover model. The breakpoint will be calculated using the mixed models and regression procedure of SAS with the slope of the line not being significantly different from zero. Statistical significance will be established at P\< 0.05.
Regression analysis variables are threonine as the independent variable and F13CO2 and phenylalanine oxidation as the dependent variables. Selection of the best model will be determined by factors relating to fit (significance of the model and r2) and estimates of variation about the model (CV and SE of the estimate). The population Recommended Dietary Allowance will be estimated by determining the upper 95% confidence limits of the breakpoint estimate.
Threonine is an indispensable AA that must come from dietary sources. It is critical in the production of mucins in the gut (Law, Bertolo et al. 2007) and contributes significantly to collagen, elastin and tooth enamel formation (Kramsch, Franzblau et al. 1971, Robinson, Lowe et al. 1975). The current adequate intake (AI) for threonine in infants proposed by the Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, in the 2005 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients is based on a factorial approach due to the lack of conclusive empirical data. Studies that lead to the determination of amino acid (AA) requirements for infants used the nitrogen analysis technique and were performed over 20 years ago (Snyderman, Norton et al. 1959). Methodological advances have made it possible to determine AA requirements in humans with a more precise technique (Zello, Wykes et al. 1995). However, no studies of threonine requirement in infants (1- 6mo of age) with the use of the newer stable-isotope methods have been reported.
To accurately determine amino acid requirements, it is necessary to provide a range of amino acid intakes. For ethical reasons, infants cannot be fed very low or high test amino acid diets for prolonged periods of time. The minimally invasive IAAO method, initially developed in adults in our laboratory (Zello, Pencharz et al. 1993) and now used internationally (Huang, Hogewind-Schoonenboom et al. 2011) to determine amino acid requirements, overcomes this problem. The IAAO method takes less than 24 hours to conduct and has been used safely in parenterally fed neonates, enterally fed neonates, children and adults.
Our laboratory determined the enteral requirement of threonine in piglets (Bertolo, Chen et al. 1998) which was 0.42g/kg/d. We are able to extrapolate from this data, and propose that the enteral requirement for neonates would be 84 mg/kg/d. In this study we will be determining the enteral requirement for the 1 - 6 months old infant and predict that since growth slows and protein requirement decreases after the first month of life, the enteral requirement of infants will be similar to the DRI's AI of 73 mg/kg/d. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the enteral Threonine requirement in infants from 1 to 6 months of age with the IAAO method.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Subjects: A total of 18 studies will be performed where participants will be randomized to 1 of 18 test threonine intakes. Infants between the ages of 1 and 6 months will be recruited from the in-patient post-surgical population of the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Canada. Participants may be eligible to participate in more than one study intake following enrolment, therefore being randomized to a second threonine intake. All study procedures and consent forms will have the approval of the research ethics board at SickKids. Permission to enroll the infants in the study will be obtained from the attending surgeon and written informed consent will be obtained from one or both parents/guardians. Recruitment of patients is expected to begin in December 2015. The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov # NCT02364843.
Infants will be included in the study if they are between the ages of 1 to 6 months, were born between 32 weeks and 43 weeks gestational age, are clinically stable as determined by normal blood values and vital signs, and are in-patients who are being fed via nasogastric (NG-), jejunal (NJ- or J-), or gastric (G-) feeding tube. Infants will be excluded if they are receiving supplemental oxygen, are mechanically ventilated, have any endocrine or genetic anomalies which would influence protein and AA metabolism, or are receiving medication which would influence protein and AA metabolism (eg. Corticosteroid therapy).
Experimental design and study diet
The study design is the minimally invasive IAAO design, which is based on the concept that, because AA's are not stored in the body, the intake of dietary essential AAs relative to their use for protein synthesis determines whether they are oxidized or incorporated into protein. When the intake of one indispensable AA is restricted, the other indispensable AAs are in excess and are oxidized because they cannot be incorporated into protein as previously described (Zello, Pencharz et al. 1993). Each study will take place over an 18 - 24 hour period following confirmation from the infant's clinical dietitian that an appropriate enteral intake of protein and non-protein energy from the infant's feeds has been delivered over 24 to 48 hours preceding the study day. On the one study day (the duration which will be less than 24 hours; see Fig. 1), the infant will receive a formula made from a commercial protein free enteral formula (Pro-Phree) which supplies a known amount of carbohydrate, fat, minerals, trace elements and vitamins appropriate for an infant and to which an AA mixture will be added. Amino acids will be added in the pattern of breast milk as follows in mg·kg-1·d-1: Lys 207, Met 48, Leu 288, Ile 165, Val 165, Phe 126, Try 51, His 63, Tyr 156, Arg 69, Pro 240, Cys 51, Gly 69, Ala 114, Ser 150, Asp 270, Glu 534 (WHO 2007). Each infant will receive a different intake of Threonine per study and the 18 intakes for the 18 infants will fall on a continuum between 15 and 130 mg·kg-1·d-1. As the intake of threonine is varied, the formulas will be maintained as isonitrogenous by varying intakes of alanine which is a dispensable AA. The amino acid mixture will be put through a 0.22 µ filter to ensure it is sterile and pathogen free. This is an added safety step that is not done with commercial formulas but was done with our parenteral solutions when studying Threonine and Lysine requirements in parenterally fed infants (Chapman 2009, 2010). Combining the AA mixture and the commercially prepared Pro-Phree formulation will be done in the hospital's Formula Room under their standard operating procedure (SOP) guidelines for clinical formula preparation. The infants will receive the study formula via their feeding tube, or a combination of tube feeds and oral feeds, over the 18 - 24 hour study period as ordered by the clinical dietician.
A research-grade stable isotope tracer, manufactured by Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (CIL), Maine, USA, will be used to measure oxidation or protein deposition in response to the varying intakes of threonine. The stable isotope is an amino acid is L-\[1-13C\]Phenylalanine, and is administered with the infant's feeds at a dose of 15 µ·kg-1/h-1. This stable isotope is found in all humans as 1% of the total percentage of the amino acid phenylalanine and the stable isotope itself has been used successfully and without harm when given intravenously to infants in 4 previous studies conducted at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada (Roberts 2001; Courtney Martin 2008; Chapman 2009, 2010).
We are using a study protocol that provides sufficient time for the infant to reach a steady state with the stable 1-13CPhenylalanine isotope above baseline values as determined by our infant parenteral studies (Chapman 2009, 2010). We will conduct the first two studies using only the phenylalanine stable isotope. If on analysis, we find that we do not see sufficient difference between the baseline and steady state levels of the 1-13CPhenylalanine stable isotope, then we will introduce a one-time dose of 13C-sodium bicarbonate (NaH13CO2) at 14 μmol kg-1 administered by NG/G tube to permit us to see a differentiation between the infant's naturally occurring 1-13CPhenylalanine and the amount we administer with the formula. We do not believe we will need to use the bicarbonate isotope but have added to our protocol for approval should its use become necessary. It is used routinely by a group of scientists in the Netherlands who also study infant amino acid requirements and who have not reported any issues with its administration (Hogewind-Schoonenboom 2014)
The stable isotope tracers are labelled "For Research Use Only" and are acceptable for use in humans of all ages which will be confirmed by the Isotope manufacturing company who will provide a Certificate of Analysis with testing for chemical purity, presence, if any, of heavy metals (in parts per million) and microbiological testing including pyrogens. Both the isotopes will be prepared in the Diet Kitchen of the hospital at the time of preparation of the study formula under the same SOP guidelines as clinical diets.
Sample collection and analysis
Breath samples and urine will be collected to determine changes in the infants' response to the study diet. Three baseline breath and urine samples will be collected prior to the introduction of the study diet. Four plateau breath and urine samples will be collected every hour beginning 12-18 hours after the introduction of the Research grade stable isotope-labeled tracers. Breath samples will be collected using a Carbon Dioxide Analyzer Cart which is similar in design and use as a clinical test device called a Calorimeter. Both devices use a vented hood system under which the infants sleep or rest and VCO2 is measured. Each breath sample will be collected over a 10 minute period by bubbling the breath effluent into a reflux condenser and trapping the breath in a test tube. The breath samples will be measured by a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Urine samples will be collected by placing cotton balls in the infant's diapers and analyzed on a tandem mass spectrometer.
Statistical analysis
The effect of threonine intake on phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and F13CO2 will be tested by using analysis of variance with the PROC GLM procedure (SAS version 9.4). Estimates of the mean threonine intake will be derived by breakpoint analysis of the rate of release of 13CO2 (F13CO2) data with the use of a 2-phase linear regression crossover model. The breakpoint will be calculated using the mixed models and regression procedure of SAS with the slope of the line not being significantly different from zero. Statistical significance will be established at P\< 0.05.
Regression analysis variables are threonine as the independent variable and F13CO2 and phenylalanine oxidation as the dependent variables. Selection of the best model will be determined by factors relating to fit (significance of the model and r2) and estimates of variation about the model (CV and SE of the estimate). The population Recommended Dietary Allowance will be estimated by determining the upper 95% confidence limits of the breakpoint estimate.
Conditions
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Surgical Infants on NG/NJ/J/G-tube Feeds
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Pierre-Robin Syndrome
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Study Design
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Allocation Method
NA
Intervention Model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary Study Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Blinding Strategy
NONE
Study Groups
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Dietary Threonine Intake
Physiological establishment of enteral intake of amino acid threonine required by infants ages 1 - 6 mos
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Amino Acid: Threonine
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Each of the 18 infants will have a different intake of dietary amino acid threonine for a 24 period and by cross-over regression analysis a break-point or requirement will be established
Interventions
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Amino Acid: Threonine
Each of the 18 infants will have a different intake of dietary amino acid threonine for a 24 period and by cross-over regression analysis a break-point or requirement will be established
Intervention Type
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Between ages 1 - 6 months
* Born between 32 and 43 weeks gestational age
* Clinically stable (normal vital signs and blood values)
* Fed by nasogastric (NG), jejunal (J or NJ), or gastric (G) tube
* Born between 32 and 43 weeks gestational age
* Clinically stable (normal vital signs and blood values)
* Fed by nasogastric (NG), jejunal (J or NJ), or gastric (G) tube
Exclusion Criteria
* Infants will be excluded if they are receiving supplemental oxygen
* Mechanically ventilated
* Have any endocrine or genetic anomalies that affect protein or AA metabolism
* On medications that influence protein and AA metabolism (ex: corticosteroid therapy)
* Mechanically ventilated
* Have any endocrine or genetic anomalies that affect protein or AA metabolism
* On medications that influence protein and AA metabolism (ex: corticosteroid therapy)
Minimum Eligible Age
1 Month
Maximum Eligible Age
6 Months
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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The Hospital for Sick Children
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Dr. Paul Pencharz
MD PhD
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Lisa Goos, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children
Locations
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The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Site Status
Countries
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Canada
References
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Chapman KP, Courtney-Martin G, Moore AM, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Threonine requirement of parenterally fed postsurgical human neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):134-41. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26654. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chapman KP, Courtney-Martin G, Moore AM, Langer JC, Tomlinson C, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Lysine requirement in parenterally fed postsurgical human neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):958-65. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28729. Epub 2010 Feb 17.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Courtney-Martin G, Chapman KP, Moore AM, Kim JH, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Total sulfur amino acid requirement and metabolism in parenterally fed postsurgical human neonates. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):115-24. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/88.1.115.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bertolo RF, Chen CZ, Law G, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. Threonine requirement of neonatal piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition is considerably lower than that of piglets receiving an identical diet intragastrically. J Nutr. 1998 Oct;128(10):1752-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/128.10.1752.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hogewind-Schoonenboom JE, Huang L, de Groof F, Zhu L, Voortman GJ, Schierbeek H, Vermes A, Chen C, Huang Y, van Goudoever JB. Threonine Requirement of the Enterally Fed Term Infant in the First Month of Life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Sep;61(3):373-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000807.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Huang L, Hogewind-Schoonenboom JE, de Groof F, Twisk JW, Voortman GJ, Dorst K, Schierbeek H, Boehm G, Huang Y, Chen C, van Goudoever JB. Lysine requirement of the enterally fed term infant in the first month of life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6):1496-503. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.024166. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kramsch DM, Franzblau C, Hollander W. The protein and lipid composition of arterial elastin and its relationship to lipid accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque. J Clin Invest. 1971 Aug;50(8):1666-77. doi: 10.1172/JCI106656.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Law GK, Bertolo RF, Adjiri-Awere A, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. Adequate oral threonine is critical for mucin production and gut function in neonatal piglets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):G1293-301. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00221.2006. Epub 2007 Jan 18.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Roberts SA, Ball RO, Moore AM, Filler RM, Pencharz PB. The effect of graded intake of glycyl-L-tyrosine on phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in parenterally fed neonates with an estimation of tyrosine requirement. Pediatr Res. 2001 Jan;49(1):111-9. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200101000-00022.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Robinson C, Lowe NR, Weatherell JA. Amino acid composition, distribution and origin of "tuft" protein in human and bovine dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 1975 Jan;20(1):29-42. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(75)90149-1. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
SNYDERMAN SE, NORTON PM, FOWLER DI, HOLT LE Jr. The essential amino acid requirements of infants: lysine. AMA J Dis Child. 1959 Feb;97(2):175-85. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1959.02070010177004. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2007;(935):1-265, back cover.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Zello GA, Pencharz PB, Ball RO. Dietary lysine requirement of young adult males determined by oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. Am J Physiol. 1993 Apr;264(4 Pt 1):E677-85. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.E677.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Zello GA, Wykes LJ, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Recent advances in methods of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. J Nutr. 1995 Dec;125(12):2907-15. doi: 10.1093/jn/125.12.2907.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Other Identifiers
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1000048977
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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Effects of High vs. Standard Protein Intake in Newborn Extreme Premature
NCT02478086
COMPLETED
PHASE2
Targeted Protein Fortification in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants
NCT02943746
COMPLETED
NA
Growth and Tolerance of Young Infants
NCT03276884
COMPLETED
NA