Zinc, Iron, Vitamin A and Psychosocial Care for Child Growth and Development
NCT ID: NCT02319499
Last Updated: 2014-12-18
Study Results
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Basic Information
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COMPLETED
PHASE3
800 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
1998-08-31
Brief Summary
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Since diets low in iron is usually also low in zinc, zinc deficiency --which has negative consequence on growth-- is common in iron deficiency area. In Southeast Asia, the condition is exacerbated by the rich phytate content in the complementary foods which inhibits the absorption of iron as well as zinc (Gibson, 1994). Thus, combining both iron and zinc, hence, is expected to decrease both iron and zinc deficiencies and hence improve growth and development of the children.
Recently, there has been an emerging view which looks at the two-way relationship between nutrition, health, and psychosocial well-being. This concept is supported by studies on "positive deviance", a term used to refer to children who grow and develop well in impoverished environments where most children are victims of malnutrition and chronic illness (Zeitlin et al., 1990). The mechanism which helps to explain how psychosocial factors, such as the affect between mother and child, are associated with adequate growth and development: 'Psychological stress has a negative effect on the use of nutrients whereas psychological well-being stimulates the secretion of growth-promoting hormones. Pleasantly stimulating interactions can enhance the child's tendency to exercise its developing organ systems and hence to utilize nutrients for growth and development'.
Understanding how the psychosocial environment can promote or inhibit the benefit of supplementation intervention is necessary in order to have a better way of setting about providing supplements. In fact, many supplementation programs do not incorporate complementary program elements that would help to improve the health and psychosocial development of children at the same time that they improve nutritional status' (Myers, 1995). Looking from this perspective, not only will supplementation benefit the psychosocial development but also the psychosocial environment can promote the benefit of the supplementation on the nutritional status and developmental outcomes of infants.
The purpose of the study is to investigate whether multi-micronutrient supplementations (zinc+iron, zinc+iron+vit.A) have positive effect on infants' growth and developmental outcomes, and whether the effect is modified by psychosocial care.
Detailed Description
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Conditions
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TRIPLE
Study Groups
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Zinc Alone
Zinc Sulphate (10 mg Zn/day)
Zinc Alone
Zn-alone group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate)
Iron and Zinc
Ferrous Sulphate and Zinc Sulphate (10 mg/day of each zinc and iron)
Iron and Zinc
Zn+Fe group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate) and 10 mg/day of elemental iron (as ferrous sulphate)
Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A
Ferrous Sulphate, Zinc Sulphate and Vitamin A (10 mg/day of each zinc and iron, plus 1,000 IU vitamin A/day)
Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A
Zn+Fe+vit.A group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate) and 10 mg/day of elemental iron (as ferrous sulphate), plus 1,000 IU/day of vitamin A
Placebo
No minerals/vitamin
Placebo
Placebo group received no minerals/vitamin
Interventions
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Zinc Alone
Zn-alone group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate)
Iron and Zinc
Zn+Fe group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate) and 10 mg/day of elemental iron (as ferrous sulphate)
Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A
Zn+Fe+vit.A group received 10 mg/day of elemental zinc (as zinc sulphate) and 10 mg/day of elemental iron (as ferrous sulphate), plus 1,000 IU/day of vitamin A
Placebo
Placebo group received no minerals/vitamin
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* predominantly breast-fed children (assuming the infants were already introduced complementary feedings as early as 4 months)
* parental consent
Exclusion Criteria
3 Months
6 Months
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Indonesia University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Umi Fahmida
Dr
Principal Investigators
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Umi Fahmida, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization, Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO-RECFON)
Locations
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South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization, Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO-RECFON)
Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
Countries
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References
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Schultink W, Gross R. Iron deficiency alleviation in developing countries. Nutr Res Rev. 1996 Jan;9(1):281-93. doi: 10.1079/NRR19960015. No abstract available.
Colomer J, Colomer C, Gutierrez D, Jubert A, Nolasco A, Donat J, Fernandez-Delgado R, Donat F, Alvarez-Dardet C. Anaemia during pregnancy as a risk factor for infant iron deficiency: report from the Valencia Infant Anaemia Cohort (VIAC) study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1990 Apr;4(2):196-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1990.tb00638.x.
Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Wolf AW, McClish DK, Kuhnert PM, Jimenez E, Jimenez R, Mora LA, Gomez I, Krauskoph D. Iron deficiency anemia and iron therapy effects on infant developmental test performance. Pediatrics. 1987 Jun;79(6):981-95.
Idjradinata P, Pollitt E. Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anaemic infants treated with iron. Lancet. 1993 Jan 2;341(8836):1-4. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92477-b.
Brown KH, Wuehler SE and Peerson JM (2001). The importance of zinc in human nutrition and estimation of the global prevalence of zinc deficiency. Food Nutr Bull 22 (2):113-25
Gibson RS and Ferguson EL (1999). An Interactive 24-hour Recall for Assessing the Adequacy of Iron and Zinc Intakes in Developing Countries. ILSI Press, Washington DC
Ronaghy HA, Reinhold JG, Mahloudji M, Ghavami P, Fox MR, Halsted JA. Zinc supplementation of malnourished schoolboys in Iran: increased growth and other effects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1974 Feb;27(2):112-21. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/27.2.112. No abstract available.
Walravens PA, Chakar A, Mokni R, Denise J, Lemonnier D. Zinc supplements in breastfed infants. Lancet. 1992 Sep 19;340(8821):683-5. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92229-9.
Umeta M, West CE, Haidar J, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JG. Zinc supplementation and stunted infants in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Jun 10;355(9220):2021-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02348-5.
Rosado JL, Lopez P, Munoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;65(1):13-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/65.1.13.
Cavan KR, Gibson RS, Grazioso CF, Isalgue AM, Ruz M, Solomons NW. Growth and body composition of periurban Guatemalan children in relation to zinc status: a longitudinal zinc intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Mar;57(3):344-52. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/57.3.344.
Bates CJ, Evans PH, Dardenne M, Prentice A, Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, Hoare S, Cole TJ, Horan SJ, Longman SC, et al. A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children. Br J Nutr. 1993 Jan;69(1):243-55. doi: 10.1079/bjn19930026.
Engle P and Ricciuti HN (1995). Psychosocial aspects of care and nutrition. Food Nutr Bull 16(4):356-77
Myers R (1995). The Twelve Who Survive: Strengthening Programmes of Early Childhood Development in the Thirld World. High/Scope Press, Michigan
Bayley (1993). Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Manual, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace & Co., San Antonio
Caldwell BM and Bradley RH (1984). Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. University of Arkansas, Little Rock - Arkansas
Other Identifiers
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ZIAP
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id