Trial Outcomes & Findings for Exercise Behavior Among Young Adults Study (NCT NCT02204176)
NCT ID: NCT02204176
Last Updated: 2019-05-03
Results Overview
The Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ; Godin \& Shephard, 1985) was used to assess the frequency of typical weekly strenuous, moderate, and mild exercise (open-ended format). Total exercise scores were also computed by multiplying each reported exercise frequency by its metabolic equivalent (MET) and then summing the totals: (strenuous x 9) + (moderate x 5) + (mild x 2) (Godin, Jobin, \& Boullon, 1986). Higher scores on this scale indicates more exercise engagement. Also, participants were loaned a pedometer to obtain objective measures of exercise activity. The pedometers allow participants to enter their weight and height and measure steps taken throughout the day based on this information. The devices automatically reset at midnight and store the information for 30 days.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
221 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
2-3 months after initial intervention session
Results posted on
2019-05-03
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Exercise Information
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
74
|
73
|
74
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
64
|
61
|
58
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
10
|
12
|
16
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Exercise Behavior Among Young Adults Study
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Total
n=221 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
20.39 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.91 • n=5 Participants
|
20.59 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.05 • n=7 Participants
|
20.70 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.18 • n=5 Participants
|
20.56 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.04 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
46 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
44 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
132 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
31 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
89 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
54 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
34 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
28 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
43 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
105 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
10 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
33 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Region of Enrollment
United States
|
74 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
73 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
74 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
221 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
|
Strenuous Exercise
|
1.36 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=5 Participants
|
1.44 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .18 • n=7 Participants
|
1.17 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .16 • n=5 Participants
|
1.32 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .10 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Moderate Exercise
|
1.69 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .17 • n=5 Participants
|
2.40 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .23 • n=7 Participants
|
1.93 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .21 • n=5 Participants
|
2.00 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .12 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Mild Exercise
|
2.54 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .33 • n=5 Participants
|
2.95 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .34 • n=7 Participants
|
3.03 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .29 • n=5 Participants
|
2.84 times per week
STANDARD_DEVIATION .19 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Total Exercise
|
28.29 total metabolic equivalent
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.48 • n=5 Participants
|
33.79 total metabolic equivalent
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.87 • n=7 Participants
|
29.23 total metabolic equivalent
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.41 • n=5 Participants
|
30.42 total metabolic equivalent
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.50 • n=4 Participants
|
|
Industriousness
|
4.02 1(disagree strongly)-5(agree strongly)
STANDARD_DEVIATION .07 • n=5 Participants
|
4.09 1(disagree strongly)-5(agree strongly)
STANDARD_DEVIATION .07 • n=7 Participants
|
3.89 1(disagree strongly)-5(agree strongly)
STANDARD_DEVIATION .08 • n=5 Participants
|
4.00 1(disagree strongly)-5(agree strongly)
STANDARD_DEVIATION .04 • n=4 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 2-3 months after initial intervention sessionThe Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ; Godin \& Shephard, 1985) was used to assess the frequency of typical weekly strenuous, moderate, and mild exercise (open-ended format). Total exercise scores were also computed by multiplying each reported exercise frequency by its metabolic equivalent (MET) and then summing the totals: (strenuous x 9) + (moderate x 5) + (mild x 2) (Godin, Jobin, \& Boullon, 1986). Higher scores on this scale indicates more exercise engagement. Also, participants were loaned a pedometer to obtain objective measures of exercise activity. The pedometers allow participants to enter their weight and height and measure steps taken throughout the day based on this information. The devices automatically reset at midnight and store the information for 30 days.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Total Physical Activity
|
34.21 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 2.59
|
37.80 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 2.80
|
39.42 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 2.73
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 months after initial intervention sessionThe Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ; Godin \& Shephard, 1985) was used to assess the frequency of typical weekly strenuous, moderate, and mild exercise (open-ended format). Total exercise scores were also computed by multiplying each reported exercise frequency by its metabolic equivalent (MET) and then summing the totals: (strenuous x 9) + (moderate x 5) + (mild x 2) (Godin, Jobin, \& Boullon, 1986). Higher scores indicate more exercise engagement. Also, participants were loaned a pedometer to obtain objective measures of exercise activity. The pedometers allow participants to enter their weight and height and measure steps taken throughout the day based on this information. The devices automatically reset at midnight and store the information for 30 days.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Total Physical Activity
|
38.65 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 3.09
|
40.64 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 2.43
|
42.39 total metabolic equivalent
Standard Error 2.97
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 2-3 months after initial intervention sessionThe 18-item multidimensional exercise self-efficacy scale (Benisovich, Rossi, Norman, \& Nigg, 1998) assessed participants' confidence in being able to exercise despite bad weather, inconvenience, negative affect, exercising alone, excuse making, and resistance from others. Participants were asked to rate "how confident \[they\] are to exercise when other things get in the way" on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all confident, 5 = Extremely confident). Example items include, "I don't have access to exercise equipment," "I don't feel like it," and "I am spending time with friends or family who do not exercise." All items on the scale were averaged for each participant. Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy for exercise.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Exercise Self-efficacy
|
2.92 units on a scale
Standard Error .09
|
3.05 units on a scale
Standard Error .11
|
3.09 units on a scale
Standard Error .10
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 months after initial intervention sessionThe 18-item multidimensional exercise self-efficacy scale (Benisovich, Rossi, Norman, \& Nigg, 1998) assessed participants' confidence in being able to exercise despite bad weather, inconvenience, negative affect, exercising alone, excuse making, and resistance from others. Participants were asked to rate "how confident \[they\] are to exercise when other things get in the way" on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all confident, 5 = Extremely confident; αs = .89-.91 across assessments). Example items include, "I don't have access to exercise equipment," "I don't feel like it," and "I am spending time with friends or family who do not exercise." All items on the scale were averaged for each participant. Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Exercise Self-efficacy
|
2.95 units on a scale
Standard Error .12
|
2.94 units on a scale
Standard Error .09
|
3.08 units on a scale
Standard Error .11
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 2-3 months after initial intervention sessionIndustriousness was assessed using a 10-item Industriousness scale (Chernyshenko, 2003). Participants rated themselves on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Disagree strongly, 5 = Agree strongly) indicating the extent to which, for example, they are someone who "has high standards and works toward them; setting goals and achieving them is not very important to me \[reversed\], \[or\] invests little effort into my work \[reversed\] ". Higher scores indicate greater industriousness level.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Industriousness Level
|
4.01 units on a scale
Standard Error .13
|
3.96 units on a scale
Standard Error .26
|
3.98 units on a scale
Standard Error .25
|
OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome
Timeframe: 6 months after initial intervention sessionIndustriousness was assessed using a 10-item Industriousness scale (Chernyshenko, 2003). Participants rated themselves on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Disagree strongly, 5 = Agree strongly) indicating the extent to which, for example, they are someone who "has high standards and works toward them; setting goals and achieving them is not very important to me \[reversed\], \[or\] invests little effort into my work \[reversed\] ". Higher scores indicate greater industriousness level.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Exercise Information
n=74 Participants
This group was presented with information that defined and described regular exercise, its benefits, and guidance for using proper form in exercise to minimize the risk of injury. Guidelines for prescribing suggested physical activities were based on recommendations from the USDHHS (2008). These sessions lasted \~90 minutes.
|
Action Planning
n=73 Participants
This group discussed all the components from the session for the information-only group with an additional emphasis on how to create action plans. Discussions revolved around possible ways and times of the day to engage in exercise by making specific action plans that designate when, where, and how. Participants were shown how to create an example action plan and guided in writing their own exercise action plans for as many days as they desired in the three-week tracking period in their exercise booklets. Emphasis was placed on the specificity and feasibility of the plans. These sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
Realistic Effort Action Planning
n=74 Participants
This group discussed all components from the action planning condition. Discussion in this group also emphasized the importance of persistence and effortful control in daily life and how these attributes can be transferred to exercise plans. Participants were encouraged to identify their threshold for exerting effort toward exercise based on past experiences and applying that awareness to their planned exercises. They were guided in creating action plans that considered not only past external barriers (e.g., schedule, fitness level, and environment) but also previous internal barriers (i.e., resistance and/or aversiveness to physical exertion) and create plans that would help them avoid repeating the same circumstances. Participants were also asked to realistically consider how much past exercise they have previously engaged in and to refine those estimates to serve as starting points for subsequent small increases in planned exercise. These group sessions lasted \~120 minutes.
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Industriousness Level
|
4.01 units on a scale
Standard Error .09
|
4.07 units on a scale
Standard Error .08
|
3.95 units on a scale
Standard Error .10
|
Adverse Events
Exercise Information
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Action Planning
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Realistic Effort Action Planning
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Phuong Vo
Wayne State University and Michigan State University
Phone: 616-634-0566
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place